FIGURE 1.

Major FAO pathways involved in kidney diseases and drug targets. Fatty acids (FAs) enter the cytoplasm through CD36, FABPs, or FATPs. In the cytosol, FAs are activated to fatty acyl-CoA and transported into the mitochondrial matrix through CPT1A. The acyl-CoA undergoes a β-oxidation reaction to form acetyl-CoA, which is completely oxidized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. FAO is promoted by upregulating CPT1A and PPAR signaling. Drugs are highlighted in light purple boxes. Enzymes are shown in blue and metabolites are shown in light green. Regulatory molecules are shown in green boxes. FAO, fatty acid β-oxidation; CPT1A, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A; FABP, FA-binding protein; FATPs, FA-transport protein; PPAR, peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α; AMPK, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; LKB1, Liver kinase B1; ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; LCAD, long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; ECHA, enoyl-CoA hydratase; SIRT3, sirtuin 3; SIRT5, sirtuin 5.