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. 2021 May 20;67(5):371–379. doi: 10.1177/07067437211018782

Table 1.

Sample Characteristics.

Characteristic n Percentage
Region
 West (BC) 108 15.4
 Prairies (AB, SK, MB) 95 13.6
 North (YK, NT, NU) 7 1.0
 Central (ON, QC) 416 59.3
 East (NB, NS, NL, PE) 73 10.4
Gender
 Female 561 80.0
 Male 114 16.3
 Transgender/nonbinary 21 3.0
Ethnicitya
 White 614 87.6
 Indigenous 54 7.7
 Black (Africa, Canada/North America, and Caribbean region) 37 5.3
 Asian (East, South, and South East) 33 4.7
 Middle Eastern 12 1.7
 Latin American 12 1.7
 Indian-Caribbean 3 0.4
 Other 33 4.7
Education
 High school or less 52 7.4
 College diploma 224 32.0
 Bachelor’s degree 338 48.2
 Graduate school degree 86 12.3
Occupational service setting
 Homeless serviceb 280 39.9
 Supportive housingc 197 28.1
 Community health serviced 102 14.6
 Harm reduction programe 75 10.7
 Otherf 47 6.7
Work term
 Full-time 569 81.2
 Part-time 131 18.7
Lived experience of mental health or substance use problems 403 57.5
Lived experience of homelessness 108 15.4

Note. N = 701. BC = British Columbia; AB = Alberta; SK = Saskatchewan. MB = Manitoba; YK = Yukon; NT = Northwest Territories; NU = Nunavut; ON = Ontario; QC = Quebec; NB = New Brunswick; NS = Nova Scotia; NL = Newfoundland and Labrador; PE = Prince Edward Island.

a Exceeds 100% due to mixed heritages and multiple self-identified ethnicities.

b For example, emergency shelter, drop-in program, soup kitchen and meal program, street outreach, and respite program/warming centre.

c That is, permanent or transitional housing program with supports.

d For example, intensive case management, assertive community treatment, community health centre, and inner-city health team.

e For example, supervised consumption and overdose prevention site, needle exchange/safer inhalation service, opioid agonist therapy clinic, naloxone training/provision program, and managed alcohol or opioid program.

f For example, income support and employment programs, youth outreach and diversion, and victim prevention and protection services.