Table 2.
Mental Health and Wellness of Direct Service Providers during the COVID-19 Pandemic.
| Domain | M (SD) | Clinical Range/Screen Interpretationa |
|---|---|---|
| Depressive symptoms (DASS-21) | 10.99 (9.96) | Normal/mild (≤13): 65.9% |
| Moderate (14 to 20): 18.7% | ||
| Severe (21 to 27): 6.8% | ||
| Extremely severe (≥28): 8.6% | ||
| Anxiety symptoms (DASS-21) | 8.47 (8.61) | Normal/mild (≤9): 64.9% |
| Moderate (10 to 14): 14.3% | ||
| Severe (15 to 19): 7.7% | ||
| Extremely severe (≥20): 13.1% | ||
| Stress symptoms (DASS-21) | 15.04 (9.78) | Normal/mild (≤18): 67.8% Moderate (19 to 25): 15.0% |
| Severe (26 to 33): 12.1% | ||
| Extremely severe (≥34): 5.1% | ||
| Post-traumatic stress symptoms (PCL-C) | 13.15 (5.20) | 294 (41.9%) has a positive screen (≥14) |
| Problematic substance use (CAGE-AID)b | 0.91 (1.24) | 173 (24.7%) has a positive screen (≥2) |
| Burn out symptoms (ProQOL) | 24.45 (5.97) | Low (≤22): 40.1% |
| Moderate (23 to 41): 59.8% | ||
| Severe (≥42): 0.1% | ||
| Secondary traumatic stress (ProQOL) | 22.36 (7.04) | Low (≤22): 55.3% |
| Moderate (23 to 41): 42.9% | ||
| Severe (≥42): 1.7% | ||
| Compassion satisfaction (ProQOL) | 38.26 (6.01) | Low (≤22): 0.7% |
| Moderate (23 to 41): 68.5% | ||
| High (≥42): 30.8% | ||
| Compassion satisfaction (ProQOL-21) | 24.63 (5.59) | None available |
| Compassion fatigue (ProQOL-21) | 24.09 (7.92) | None available |
Note. DASS = Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales; PCL-C = PTSD Checklist for Civilians; ProQOL = Professional Quality of Life Scale.
a Clinical range/screen interpretation sources: DASS-21, 12 ProQOL, 13 PCL-6, 14 and CAGE-AID = The CAGE Adapted to Include Drugs 15 .
b M (SD) excludes participants who denied using substances (n = 128).