Table 1.
Rates of SI and DSH by Demographic Group, and Predicted by Psychiatric Concerns or Substance Use Frequency.
| Endorsing SI (n = 352) | Endorsing DSH (n = 256) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % (n) | χ2 (df) | P | % (n) | χ2 (df) | P | |
| BC a | 47 (55) | 5.76 (5) | 0.33 | 33 (29) | 4.83 (5) | 0.44 |
| Alberta a | 45 (72) | 35 (56) | ||||
| Prairies a | 46 (41) | 30 (27) | ||||
| Ontario a | 44 (119) | 31 (85) | ||||
| Québec a | 30 (20) | 21 (14) | ||||
| Atlantic a | 43 (42) | 34 (33) | ||||
| White b | 42 (252) | 1.63 (1) | 0.20 | 47 (99) | 1.19 (1) | 0.29 |
| Non-White b | 31 (183) | 35 (72) | ||||
| Boys | 38 (120) | A c : 3.30 (1) B c : 10.74 (1) | A
c
: P = 0.07 B c : P = 0.001 |
24 (76) | A c : 7.25 (1) B c : 26.74 (1) | A
c
: P = 0.007 B c : P < 0.001 |
| Girls | 45 (204) | 33 (152) | ||||
| TNBI | 68 (28) | 68 (28) | ||||
| Living with two parents | 40 (220) | 8.82 (1) | 0.003 | 28 (151) | 13.76 (1) | <0.001 |
| Not living with two parents | 51 (132) | 41 (104) | ||||
| Logistic regression predicting SI | Logistic regression predicting DSH | |||||
| Psychiatric concerns | OR | 95% CI of OR | P | OR | 95% CI of OR | P |
| Conduct | 1.27 | 1.14, 142 | <0.001 | 1.16 | 1.05, 1.28 | 0.003 |
| Oppositional | 0.97 | 0.89, 1.06 | 0.514 | 1.01 | 0.92, 1.10 | 0.918 |
| ADHD | 0.96 | 0.90, 1.03 | 0.272 | 0.98 | 0.92, 1.05 | 0.634 |
| Anxiety | 1.19 | 1.10, 1.30 | <0.001 | 1.10 | 1.01, 1.20 | 0.024 |
| Depression d | 1.34 | 1.24, 1.44 | <0.001 | 1.28 | 1.18, 1.38 | <0.001 |
| Sep. fears | 0.98 | 0.92, 1.04 | 0.493 | 0.98 | 0.93, 1.04 | 0.554 |
| Social anxiety | 1.00 | 0.92, 1.08 | 0.998 | 1.12 | 1.03, 1.21 | 0.008 |
| Any elevation (≥1) vs 0 e | 6.36 | 4.56, 8.88 | <0.001 | 8.97 | 5.45, 14.74 | <0.001 |
| Logistic regression predicting SI | Logistic regression predicting DSH | |||||
| Frequency of substance use | OR | 95% CI of OR | P | OR | 95% CI of OR | P |
| Alcohol | 1.05 | 0.91, 1.21 | 0.485 | 1.12 | 0.97, 1.29 | 0.129 |
| Cannabis | 1.33 | 1.16, 1.53 | <0.001 | 1.16 | 1.03, 1.31 | 0.016 |
| MDMA | 0.94 | 0.27, 3.25 | 0.917 | 1.28 | 0.45, 3.64 | 0.640 |
| Opiates | 1.99 | 0.54, 7.27 | 0.301 | 0.92 | 0.37, 2.25 | 0.847 |
| Prescription | 1.04 | 0.82, 1.31 | 0.755 | 1.07 | 0.85, 1.35 | 0.530 |
| Nicotine | 1.05 | 0.94, 1.17 | 0.353 | 1.03 | 0.93, 1.14 | 0.622 |
| Other | 1.25 | 0.83, 1.86 | 0.286 | 1.11 | 0.79, 1.57 | 0.556 |
| Any versus no use | 1.47 | 1.26, 1.71 | <0.001 | 1.41 | 1.18, 1.68 | <0.001 |
| Any illicit use versus ETOH only | 1.50 | 1.15, 1.96 | 0.002 | 1.27 | 0.96, 1.69 | 0.088 |
Notes: All logistic regression models controlled for gender (coded as 0 = male, 1 = female or TNBI) and living situation of youth (coded as 0 = residing with both parents, 1 = residing with a single caregiver, multiple households, or with someone other than a biological parent).
TNBI: transgender, non-binary or gender fluid; Sep. fears: separation fears; ETOH: alcohol; SI: suicidal ideation; DSH: deliberate self-harm.
Rates of SI and DSH among participants living in the Territories are not reported due to the small number of respondents (n < 5).
We repeated racial/ethnic contrast excluding respondents who identified as Indigenous, given potentially higher rates of SI and DSH in Indigenous Canadian youth relative to other racial and ethnic minorities and the small number of Indigenous respondents in this sample (n = 54). Results were comparable, indicating that non-Indigenous minority youth had similar rates of SI (44%) and DSH (30%) as non-Indigenous White youth (42% and 31%, respectively; χ2[1] = 0.13, P = 0.72 and χ2[1] = 0.06, P = 0.81).
Contrast A compares cis-gender girls and cis-gender boys. Contrast B compares TNBI youth and cis-gender youth.
Depression is scored based on seven of the nine items of the Ontario Child Health Study Scales, excluding the two items pertaining to suicidal ideation and deliberate self-harm.
We used weighted population norms to identify a clinical cutoff score that most closely matched the population prevalence of the corresponding disorder.