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. 2022 Apr 20;10:850145. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.850145

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Copyright © 2022 Zhu, Feng, Shi, Wei and Yang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Functions of 4-HNE-protein adduct formation and their effects on cellular metabolic pathways, including the antioxidant response, inflammation, and apoptosis. The red arrow represents activation; the gray arrow represents inhibition. Abbreviations: 4-HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal; UCP, uncoupling protein; ERK, extracellular signal–regulated kinase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; NFκB, nuclear factor kappa B; Nrf2, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2; p38, protein 38; p53, protein 53; TLRs, toll-like receptors; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; PGE2, prostaglandin E.