Figure 3.

SM + M have synergistic effects to activate TWEAK, PI3K/AKT and OXPHOS pathways on Treg cells. (A) Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) identify the signaling pathways based on the differentially expressed genes (with P value < 0.05) from each comparisons. Bar graph (left) show the top 10 pathways (ordered by |Z-score|) only modulated upon SM, M and SM + M treatment versus control (P value < 0.05, and |Z-score|≥1 was set as cut-off in this study). Plot graph (middle) show overlapped pathways modulated in SM + M and SM or/and M. Bar graph (right) show top pathways modulated upon SM + M versus SM or M alone. Bar in dark orange (Z-score ≥2) represent activation of the pathway and in dark blue (Z-score ≤ -2) represent inhibition. (B) Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (left) identify the metabolic pathways modulated upon treatments. Gene set enrichment assay (GSEA, middle) also identify the expression dataset of SM + M are significantly enriched in the class of genes involved in KEGG OXPHOS pathway. Heatmaps on the right display the gene change associate with the activation of OXPHOS in SM + M when compared with NS or M alone. (NES, normalized enrichment score; FDR, false discovery rate).