Role of PFKFB3 and NF-κB in PALMD-induced hVIC inflammation and osteogenic differentiation. hVICs were infected with Ad-null (MOI = 100) or Ad-PALMD (MOI = 100) and transfected with 20 nM siScrambled or siPFKFB3 or treated with 1 μM of the NF-κB inhibitor SC75741 for 48 h. A and B, RT-qPCR showing mRNA expression of IL1B and CXCL2, n = 10. C–F, RT-qPCR showing mRNA expression of IL1B, TNFAIP3, CXCL2, and CASP3, n = 4. G, RT-qPCR showing mRNA expression of ICAM1, n = 4. H and I, RT-qPCR showing mRNA expression of MSX2 and ALPL, n = 10. J–L, RT-qPCR showing mRNA expression of MSX2, BMP2, and ALPL, n = 4. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, and statistical significance was analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons test. hVIC, human valve interstitial cell; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB.