Figure 7.

Scheme illustrating the role of PALMD in CAVD. The working models of the potential mechanisms through which PALMD regulates CAVD are shown. PALMD enhances glycolysis and NF-κB–mediated inflammation in hVICs, thereby leading to increased osteogenic differentiation and calcification of hVICs. On the other hand, PALMD may promote hVIC calcification at least in part through regulation of apoptosis. CAVD, calcific aortic valve disease; hVIC, human valve interstitial cell; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB.