Table 1.
Sample description by 60-day adherence to novel opioid alternatives.
| Overall |
Adherence at 60 days |
p-value |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | ||||
| N = 286 | N = 221 | N = 65 | |||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (mean (SD)) | 39.02 (10.63) | 39.93 (10.82) | 35.94 (9.39) | 0.008 | |
| Sex (%) | F | 104 (36.4) | 77 (34.8) | 27 (41.5) | 0.401 |
| M | 182 (63.6) | 144 (65.2) | 38 (58.5) | ||
| Client (%) | New client | 84 (29.4) | 59 (26.7) | 25 (38.5) | 0.02 |
| Outreach only | 9 (3.1) | 5 (2.3) | 4 (6.2) | ||
| Existing client | 156 (54.5) | 131 (59.3) | 25 (38.5) | ||
| Client limited Interaction | 37 (12.9) | 26 (11.8) | 11 (16.9) | ||
| Comorbidities | |||||
| HCV Diagnosis (%) | No | 129 (45.1) | 96 (43.4) | 33 (50.8) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 120 (42.0) | 104 (47.1) | 16 (24.6) | Yes | |
| Unknown | 37 (12.9) | 21 (9.5) | 16 (24.6) | ||
| HIV Diagnosis (%) | No | 225 (78.7) | 179 (81.0) | 46 (70.8) | 0.065 |
| Yes | 13 (4.5) | 11 (5.0) | 2 (3.1) | ||
| Unknown | 48 (16.8) | 31 (14.0) | 17 (26.2) | ||
| Asthma, COPD, or Chronic Bronchitis Diagnosis (%) | No | 200 (69.9) | 158 (71.5) | 42 (64.6) | 0.004 |
| Yes | 49 (17.1) | 42 (19.0) | 7 (10.8) | ||
| Unknown | 37 (12.9) | 21 (9.5) | 16 (24.6) | ||
| Head injury or Stroke Diagnosis (%) | No | 192 (67.1) | 148 (67.0) | 44 (67.7) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 54 (18.9) | 50 (22.6) | 4 (6.2) | ||
| Unknown | 40 (14.0) | 23 (10.4) | 17 (26.2) | ||
| Chronic Pain Diagnosis (%) | No | 142 (49.7) | 107 (48.4) | 35 (53.8) | 0.005 |
| Yes | 106 (37.1) | 91 (41.2) | 15 (23.1) | ||
| Unknown | 38 (13.3) | 23 (10.4) | 15 (23.1) | ||
| Dental Pain Diagnosis (%) | No | 199 (69.6) | 160 (72.4) | 39 (60.0) | 0.077 |
| Yes | 38 (13.3) | 29 (13.1) | 9 (13.8) | ||
| Unknown | 49 (17.1) | 32 (14.5) | 17 (26.2) | ||
| Skin or Tissue Damage (%) | No | 130 (45.5) | 101 (45.7) | 29 (44.6) | 0.003 |
| Yes | 126 (44.1) | 104 (47.1) | 22 (33.8) | ||
| Unknown | 30 (10.5) | 16 (7.2) | 14 (21.5) | ||
| Injection Drug Use (Ever; %) | No | 12 (4.2) | 12 (5.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.067 |
| Yes | 214 (74.8) | 167 (75.6) | 47 (72.3) | ||
| Unknown | 60 (21.0) | 42 (19.0) | 18 (27.7) | ||
| Mental Disorder (%) | No | 21 (7.3) | 18 (8.1) | 3 (4.6) | 0.03 |
| Yes | 198 (69.2) | 159 (71.9) | 39 (60.0) | ||
| Unknown | 67 (23.4) | 44 (19.9) | 23 (35.4) | ||
| ADHD Diagnosis (%) | No | 163 (57.0) | 134 (60.6) | 29 (44.6) | 0.021 |
| Yes | 39 (13.6) | 31 (14.0) | 8 (12.3) | ||
| Unknown | 84 (29.4) | 56 (25.3) | 28 (43.1) | ||
| Anxiety Diagnosis (%) | No | 113 (39.5) | 94 (42.5) | 19 (29.2) | 0.018 |
| Yes | 93 (32.5) | 74 (33.5) | 19 (29.2) | ||
| Unknown | 80 (28.0) | 53 (24.0) | 27 (41.5) | ||
| Depression Diagnosis (%) | No | 112 (39.2) | 91 (41.2) | 21 (32.3) | 0.027 |
| Yes | 89 (31.1) | 73 (33.0) | 16 (24.6) | ||
| Unknown | 85 (29.7) | 57 (25.8) | 28 (43.1) | ||
| Bipolar Disorder Diagnosis (%) | No | 191 (66.8) | 156 (70.6) | 35 (53.8) | 0.022 |
| Yes | 11 (3.8) | 9 (4.1) | 2 (3.1) | ||
| Unknown | 84 (29.4) | 56 (25.3) | 28 (43.1) | ||
| PTSD Diagnosis (%) | No | 128 (44.8) | 106 (48.0) | 22 (33.8) | 0.011 |
| Yes | 69 (24.1) | 56 (25.3) | 13 (20.0) | ||
| Unknown | 89 (31.1) | 59 (26.7) | 30 (46.2) | ||
| Complex or Conduct Disorder Diagnosis (%) | No | 135 (47.2) | 106 (48.0) | 29 (44.6) | 0.001 |
| Yes | 74 (25.9) | 66 (29.9) | 8 (12.3) | ||
| Unknown | 77 (26.9) | 49 (22.2) | 28 (43.1) | ||
| Received Mental Health Medications (%) | No | 191 (66.8) | 139 (62.9) | 52 (80.0) | 0.001 |
| Yes | 77 (26.9) | 71 (32.1) | 6 (9.2) | ||
| Unknown | 18 (6.3) | 11 (5.0) | 7 (10.8) | ||
| Substance Use History | |||||
| Recent Overdose in Past Six Months (%) | No | 121 (42.3) | 97 (43.9) | 24 (36.9) | 0.533 |
| Yes | 71 (24.8) | 52 (23.5) | 19 (29.2) | ||
| Unknown | 94 (32.9) | 72 (32.6) | 22 (33.8) | ||
| Recent Crystal Meth Use (%) | No | 86 (30.1) | 68 (30.8) | 18 (27.7) | 0.754 |
| Yes | 188 (65.7) | 143 (64.7) | 45 (69.2) | ||
| Unknown | 12 (4.2) | 10 (4.5) | 2 (3.1) | ||
| Recent Injection Drug Use (%) | No | 78 (27.3) | 62 (28.1) | 16 (24.6) | 0.173 |
| Yes | 181 (63.3) | 142 (64.3) | 39 (60.0) | ||
| Unknown | 27 (9.4) | 17 (7.7) | 10 (15.4) | ||
| Recent Smoking Drug Use (%) | No | 33 (11.5) | 27 (12.2) | 6 (9.2) | 0.278 |
| Yes | 205 (71.7) | 161 (72.9) | 44 (67.7) | ||
| Unknown | 48 (16.8) | 33 (14.9) | 15 (23.1) | ||
| Housing Conditions | |||||
| Was Homeless | No | 46 (16.1) | 37 (16.7) | 9 (13.8) | 0.732 |
| Yes | 239 (83.6) | 183 (82.8) | 56 (86.2) | ||
| Unknown | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Initiated Prescription While in Homeless Camp (%) | No | 199 (69.6) | 154 (69.7) | 45 (69.2) | 0.986 |
| Yes | 73 (25.5) | 56 (25.3) | 17 (26.2) | ||
| Unknown | 14 (4.9) | 11 (5.0) | 3 (4.6) | ||
| Participant Admitted to Temporary Sheltering Site during Follow-up (%) | No | 104 (36.4) | 75 (33.9) | 29 (44.6) | 0.247 |
| Yes | 179 (62.6) | 144 (65.2) | 35 (53.8) | ||
| Unknown | 3 (1.0) | 2 (0.9) | 1 (1.5) | ||