Table 1.
Factors associated with severe liver fibrosis (FIB-4 >3.25) in longitudinal analysis, univariable and multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression models, ANRS CO22 HEPATHER cohort (9,692 patients, 24,687 visits).
| Descriptive statistics1 |
Univariable analyses |
Multivariable analysis |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
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| n (%) or median (IQR) | OR (95% CI) | p value | aOR (95% CI) | p value | PAF % (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | p value | |
| Coffee consumption (number of cups/day) (continuous) | 1 (0-3) | 0.50 (0.47-0.53) | <0.001 | 0.42 (0.38-0.46) | <0.001 | |||
| Coffee consumption (number of cups/day) (categories) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 0 (ref.) | 2,781 (28.7) | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 1 | 2,120 (21.9) | 0.74 (0.58-0.94) | 0.013 | 0.47 (0.35-0.63) | <0.001 | |||
| 2 | 1,811 (18.7) | 0.30 (0.24-0.39) | <0.001 | 0.18 (0.13-0.25) | <0.001 | |||
| 3 | 1,209 (12.5) | 0.12 (0.09-0.17) | <0.001 | 0.07 (0.05-0.11) | <0.001 | |||
| 4 | 1,771 (18.3) | 0.07 (0.05-0.09) | <0.001 | 0.04 (0.03-0.06) | <0.001 | |||
| HCV cure status | ||||||||
| No (ref.) | 3,977 (41.0) | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 5,715 (59.0) | 0.12 (0.10-0.14) | <0.001 | 0.13 (0.11-0.15) | <0.001 | 0.10 (0.08-0.13) | <0.001 | |
| Interaction: Coffee consumption (number of cups/day) (continuous) ∗ HCV cure | 1.19 (1.08-1.31) | 0.001 | ||||||
| Cannabis use | ||||||||
| No (ref.) | 6,190 (63.9) | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 3,502 (36.1) | 0.65 (0.54-0.79) | <0.001 | |||||
| Tobacco smoking | ||||||||
| No (ref.) | 3,474 (35.9) | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 6,216 (64.1) | 0.80 (0.66-0.96) | 0.017 | |||||
| Current alcohol consumption2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Abstinent, no history of unhealthy use (ref.) | 4,008 (41.4) | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Abstinent, with history of unhealthy use | 1,467 (15.1) | 2.15 (1.65-2.80) | <0.001 | 3.63 (2.61-5.03) | <0.001 | 15 (13 ; 17) | 3.63 (2.62-5.04) | <0.001 |
| Moderate use | 3,788 (39.1) | 0.48 (0.39-0.58) | <0.001 | 0.74 (0.58-0.95) | 0.019 | -11 (-21 ; -1) | 0.74 (0.58-0.95) | 0.019 |
| Unhealthy use | 429 (4.4) | 2.14 (1.38-3.31) | 0.001 | 4.63 (2.75-7.80) | <0.001 | 5 (4 ; 5) | 4.66 (2.77-7.85) | <0.001 |
| Current or previous use of psychoactive substance (other than cannabis) | ||||||||
| No (ref.) | 6,257 (64.6) | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 3,435 (35.4) | 0.79 (0.65-0.95) | 0.013 | |||||
| Diabetes | ||||||||
| No (ref.) | 8,380 (86.5) | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 1,312 (13.5) | 5.68 (4.41-7.32) | <0.001 | 4.28 (3.16-5.79) | <0.001 | 17 (15 ; 18) | 4.27 (3.15-5.77) | <0.001 |
| BMI | <0.001 | |||||||
| Normal weight (ref.) | 4,884 (50.7) | 1 | ||||||
| Underweight | 329 (3.4) | 0.91 (0.55-1.53) | 0.730 | |||||
| Overweight | 3,117 (32.4) | 1.36 (1.12-1.67) | 0.003 | |||||
| Obesity | 1,297 (13.5) | 1.91 (1.45-2.50) | <0.001 | |||||
| HCV genotype | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| 1 (ref.) | 6,302 (65.0) | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 2 | 644 (6.6) | 0.76 (0.53-1.10) | 0.151 | 0.56 (0.36-0.87) | 0.010 | 0.55 (0.35-0.86) | 0.009 | |
| 3 | 1,280 (13.2) | 2.77 (2.12-3.61) | <0.001 | 7.27 (5.26-10.1) | <0.001 | 7.25 (5.24-10.03) | <0.001 | |
| 4 | 1,248 (12.9) | 0.80 (0.61-1.06) | 0.120 | 1.04 (0.75-1.46) | 0.795 | 1.04 (0.74-1.45) | 0.822 | |
| 5/6/7 | 218 (2.2) | 0.97 (0.53-1.76) | 0.912 | 0.54 (0.27-1.10) | 0.089 | 0.53 (0.26-1.08) | 0.079 | |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Man (ref.) | 5,412 (55.8) | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Woman | 4,280 (44.2) | 0.68 (0.57-0.82) | <0.001 | 0.33 (0.26-0.42) | <0.001 | 0.33 (0.26-0.42) | <0.001 | |
| Age (continuous) | 56 (50-64) | 1.07 (1.06-1.08) | <0.001 | 1.12 (1.10-1.13) | <0.001 | 1.12 (1.10-1.13) | <0.001 | |
| Migrant status | ||||||||
| No (ref.) | 7,131 (73.6) | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 2,559 (26.4) | 1.37 (1.12-1.68) | 0.002 | |||||
| Living with a partner | ||||||||
| No (ref.) | 4,202 (43.4) | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 5,480 (56.6) | 0.84 (0.70-1.01) | 0.061 | |||||
| Unemployed | ||||||||
| No (ref.) | 4,168 (43.0) | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 5,524 (57.0) | 4.70 (3.90-5.67) | <0.001 | 1.69 (1.32-2.16) | <0.001 | 29 (18 ; 39) | 1.69 (1.32-2.16) | <0.001 |
| Educational level | ||||||||
| ≥secondary school certificate (ref.) | 4,412 (45.5) | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| <secondary school certificate | 5,280 (54.5) | 2.18 (1.82-2.61) | <0.001 | 1.50 (1.20-1.86) | <0.001 | 21 (11 ; 30) | 1.50 (1.21-1.87) | <0.001 |
Model 1: with coffee consumption as a 5-category variable (without interaction); Model 2: with coffee consumption as a continuous variable and interaction with HCV cure. For variables with more than two categories, global p values appear in bold type.
aOR, adjusted odds ratio; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; FIB-4, fibrosis-4; IQR, interquartile range; OR, odds ratio; PAF, population attributable fraction.
All the explanatory variables were measured at enrolment, except for ‘HCV cure status’, which was used as a time-varying variable in the analyses. Descriptive statistics are given at last available visit for HCV cure variable.
Unhealthy alcohol use was defined as >2 and >3 standard drinks per day for women and men, respectively.