Table 1.
Univariate Random-effects Meta-regression for the Prevalence of Poor Sleep Quality According to Age Categories, CKD Stage, WHO Regions, Risk of Bias, and Diagnostic Criteria of Poor Sleep Quality
| Variables | No. of Studies | Beta Estimates (95% CI) | Prevalence (95% CI) | P Value | I2, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | |||||
| Per 1-y increase | 62 | 0.001 (−0.01 to 0.01) | 0.63 (0.58 to 0.67) | 0.72 | 96.99 |
| <50 | 12 | Ref | 0.58 (0.48 to 0.68) | Ref | 96.89 |
| 51-60 | 39 | 0.08 (−0.04 to 0.20) | 0.66 (0.60 to 0.71) | 0.20 | |
| >60 | 11 | −0.01 (−0.16 to 0.14) | 0.57 (0.46 to 0.68) | 0.92 | |
| CKD stage | 96.48 | ||||
| Control | 1 | 0.07 (−0.31 to 0.45) | 0.54 (0.20 to 0.85) | 0.71 | |
| Kidney transplantation | 6 | Ref | 0.46 (0.32 to 0.61) | Ref | |
| CKD without KRT | 7 | 0.12 (−0.07 to 0.32) | 0.59 (0.45 to 0.71) | 0.22 | |
| Hemodialysis | 41 | 0.22 (0.07 to 0.38) | 0.68 (0.63 to 0.73) | 0.005 | |
| Peritoneal dialysis | 4 | 0.21 (−0.02 to 0.43) | 0.67 (0.49 to 0.82) | 0.08 | |
| CKD with or without KRT | 6 | 0.07 (−0.13 to 0.28) | 0.54 (0.40 to 0.68) | 0.47 | |
| WHO regions | 96.93 | ||||
| European | 16 | Ref | 0.59 (0.50 to 0.68) | Ref | |
| Americas | 13 | 0.02 (−0.12 to 0.16) | 0.61 (0.51 to 0.71) | 0.77 | |
| Western Pacific | 16 | 0.03 (−0.10 to 0.16) | 0.62 (0.53 to 0.70) | 0.67 | |
| Eastern Mediterranean | 15 | 0.14 (0.01 to 0.27) | 0.72 (0.63 to 0.80) | 0.04 | |
| South-East Asia Region | 2 | 0.20 (−0.07 to 0.48) | 0.78 (0.54 to 0.95) | 0.14 | |
| Risk of bias | 96.97 | ||||
| Low | - | - | - | - | |
| Moderate | 49 | Ref | 0.66 (0.61 to 0.71) | Ref | |
| High | 13 | −0.10 (−0.21 to 0.01) | 0.56 (0.46 to 0.66) | 0.09 | |
| PSQI cutoff scores | 96.95 | ||||
| ≥5 | 59 | Ref | 0.72 (0.55 to 0.87) | Ref | |
| >6 | 6 | −0.08 (−0.24 to 0.08) | 0.64 (0.60 to 0.69) | 0.31 |
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; KRT, kidney replacement therapy; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; Ref, reference; WHO, World Health Organization.