Table 1.
Pathology results of cardiac autopsy specimens in patients with COVID-19.
| Name | Number | Cardiac pathology(number) | Virus(number) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yao et al. 35 | 1 | NM | Negative (1) |
| Lindner et al. 36 | 39 | Mononuclear cells infiltration | Positive (24) |
| Yao et al. 37 | 26 | NM | Positive (5) |
| Varga et al. 38 | 3 | Lymphocytic endotheliitis | Positive (1) |
| No sign of lymphocytic myocarditis. | |||
| Fox et al. 39 | 22 | Scattered myocyte necrosis | Positive(endothelial) |
| Severe right ventricular dilatation | Negative(cardiomyocyte) | ||
| Endothelial cell swelling | |||
| CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes near vascular | |||
| Bulfamante et al. 40 | 6 | Inflammatory infiltrates | Positive (6) |
| Interstitial macrophages infiltration | |||
| Cardiac edema, | |||
| Damaged sarcomeres | |||
| Disrupted and clumped myofilaments | |||
| No endothelial viral cytopathic effects | |||
| No endotheliitis | |||
| Hanley et al. 41 | 9 | Pericarditis (2) | Positive (2) |
| Thrombotic (5) | |||
| Marantic Endocarditis (1) | |||
| Left ventricular hypertrophy (4) | |||
| Cardiac amyloidosis (1) | |||
| Yao et al. 42 | 3 | Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy | Negative (3) |
| Degeneration/Necrosis edema | |||
| Lymphocyte, monocytes, and neutrophils and CD4 positive T cells | |||
| Swelling and dissolution of myocardial fibers | |||
| Wang et al. 43 | 2 | Myocardial degeneration | Negative (2) |
| Myocardial atrophy | |||
| Interstitial fibrous tissue hyperplasia | |||
| CD20-positive B cells and CD3-positive T cells scattered in the heart | |||
| Tian et al. 44 | 2 | Edema/Fibrosis | Positive (2) |
| Myocardial hypertrophy | |||
| No inflammatory cellular infiltration | |||
| Dolhnikoff et al. 45 | 1 | Thickened endocardium | Positive (1) |
| Thickened myocardium | |||
| Myocarditis/Pericarditis/Endocarditis | |||
| CD68+ macrophages | |||
| CD45+ lymphocytes | |||
| Wichmann et al. 46 | 12 | Cardiac hypertrophy (8) | Positive (5) |
| Coronary artery sclerosis (9) | |||
| Lax et al. 47 | 11 | Cardiac hypertrophy (11) | NM |
| Fibrosis (10) | |||
| Amyloidosis (1) | |||
| Thrombosis (1) | |||
| Lymphocyte infiltration (1) | |||
| Buja et al. 48 | 23 | Cardiomegaly (13) | NM |
| Cardiomyocyte injury (8) | |||
| Lymphocytic epicarditis/pericarditis (3) | |||
| Lymphocytic myocarditis (1) | |||
| Fox et al. 49 | 9 | Cardiomegaly | NM |
| Extreme right ventricular dilatation | |||
| Scattered myocyte necrosis | |||
| Falasca et al. 50 | 22 | Myocarditis (12) | NM |
| Vasculitis (8) | |||
| Inflammatory infiltrate (16) | |||
| Focal necrosis (8) | |||
| Pericarditis (13) | |||
| Vascular fibrosis (6) | |||
| Hemorrhage | |||
| Bradley et al. 51 | 14 | Fibrosis (14) | Positive (2) |
| Myocyte hypertrophy (13) | |||
| Lymphocytes around necrotic myocytes (1) | |||
| Myocardial amyloid (1) | |||
| Basso et al. 52 | 21 | Lymphocytic myocarditis (3) | NM |
| Macrophage infiltration (18) | |||
| Pericarditis (4) | |||
| Small vessel microthrombi (4) | |||
| Menter et al. 53 | 21 | Myocardial hypertrophy (15) | NM |
| Senile amyloidosis (6) | |||
| Myocardial cell necrosis (3) | |||
| Acute myocardial infarction (1) | |||
| Pellegrini et al. 54 | 40 | Myocyte necrosis (14) | Positive (cardiomyocyte 3) |
| Epicardial coronary artery thrombus (3) | |||
| Microthrombi (9) | Negative (endothelial 5) | ||
| Hypertrophy of myocardium (29) | |||
| Amyloidosis (6) | |||
| Gauchotte et al. 55 | 1 | Macrophages and CD8+ cytotoxic T infiltration | Positive |
| Xu et al. 56 | 1 | Interstitial mononuclear inflammatory infiltration | NM |
| Weckbach et al. 57 | 5 | Macrophage infiltration (5) | Negative (5) |
| Lymphocytic myocarditis (1) |
NM-not mention.