Table 2.

Examples of RNA-based therapies for kidney diseases in the clinical and preclinical setting. N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNac), poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(l-lysine)-based nanoparticle (PEG-PLL); Lipid nanoparticle (LNP)

Recent advancements in RNA based therapeutics for kidney diseases
Kidney disease	Active agent	Delivery vehicle	Administration route	Targeted structure	Status	Ref
Oxaluria	Glycolate oxidase siRNA	GalNAc	Subcutaneous	Liver	Approved—Lumasiran	[20]
Oxaluria	Lactate dehydrogenase A siRNA	GalNAc	Subcutaneous	Liver	Clinical trial—Nedosiran—NCT04555486 (not recruiting)	[25]
Delayed graft function Acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery	P53 siRNA	Naked	Intravenous	Proximal tubule	Clinical trial—Teprasiran—NCT02610296 (completed)—NCT03510897 (not recruiting)	[76]
Fabry disease	Α-Galactosidase mRNA	LNP	Intravenous	Liver	Preclinical	[67]
Ischemic and cisplatin-induced kidney injury	P53 siRNA	Naked	Intravenous	Proximal tubule	Preclinical	[77]
Renal ischemia reperfusion injury	Fas siRNA	Naked	Renal vein	Proximal tubule	Preclinical	[78]
Renal ischemia reperfusion injury	Fas siRNA	Naked	Renal artery	Proximal tubule	Preclinical	[79]
Renal ischemia reperfusion injury	Caspase-3 siRNA	Naked	Renal artery	Proximal tubule	Preclinical	[80]
Renal ischemia reperfusion injury	Caspase-3 and complement-3 siRNA	Naked	Intravenous	Proximal tubule	Preclinical	[81]
Kidney fibrosis	Smad4 siRNA	Naked	Intravenous	Proximal tubule	Preclinical	[21]
Tubulo-interstitial fibrosis	HSP47 siRNA	Gelatine microspheres	Intra-urethral	Proximal tubule	Preclinical	[82]
Cisplatin-induced kidney injury	Meprin-1β, Ctr1 and P53 siRNA	Carbon nanotubes	Intravenous	Proximal tubule	Preclinical	[83]
Acute kidney injury after unilateral urethral obstruction	Cox2 siRNA	Chitostan nanoparticle	Intravenous	Peritoneal macrophages	Preclinical	[84]
Acute kidney injury (folic acid-induced)	P53 siRNA	DNA tetrahedron nanovehicle	Intravenous	Proximal tubule	Preclinical	[85]
Acute kidney injury (polymicrobial-induced)	TLR9 siRNA	Naked	Intravenous	Proximal tubule	Preclinical	[86]
Polycystic kidney disease	Angiotensin ASO	Naked	Subcutaneous	Proximal tubule	Preclinical	[87]
Glomerulonephritis	MAPK1 siRNA	PEG-PLL	Intraperitoneal	Glomerulus	Preclinical	[24]
Glomerulonephritis	TGF-1β siRNA	Naked	Renal artery	Glomerulus	Preclinical	[72]
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy	p38α MAPK and p65 siRNA	LNP	Intravenous	Glomerulus	Preclinical	[88]