Table 1. Characteristics of Study Population by Sex.
| Characteristics | No. (%)a | P value for difference between men and women among cases | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | ||||||
| Cases (n = 703) | Controls (n = 703) | P value for difference between cases and controls | Cases (n = 1561) | Controls (n = 1561) | P value for difference between cases and controls | ||
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||||
| Age, median (IQR), y | 48 (43-52) | 48 (43-52) | >.99 | 48 (44-52) | 48 (44-53) | .90 | .53 |
| Race and ethnicity | |||||||
| Hispanic | 34 (4.8) | 34 (4.8) | >.99 | 71 (4.5) | 71 (4.5) | >.99 | <.001 |
| Non-Hispanic | |||||||
| Black | 73 (10.4) | 73 (10.4) | 294 (18.8) | 294 (18.8) | |||
| White | 572 (81.4) | 572 (81.4) | 1133 (72.6) | 1133 (72.6) | |||
| Otherb | 24 (3.4) | 24 (3.4) | 63 (4.0) | 63 (4.0) | |||
| Married/living with a partner as if married | 442 (62.9) | 469 (66.7) | .15 | 836 (53.6) | 973 (62.4) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Education | |||||||
| Less than high school | 3 (0.4) | 122 (17.4) | <.001 | 20 (1.3) | 255 (16.4) | <.001 | .17 |
| High school | 282 (40.5) | 175 (24.9) | 627 (40.4) | 347 (22.3) | |||
| More than high school | 411 (59.1) | 406 (57.8) | 904 (58.3) | 957 (61.4) | |||
| Annual household income, $ | |||||||
| <10 000 | 86 (13.1) | 40 (65.8) | <.001 | 304 (20.5) | 103 (6.9) | <.001 | <.001 |
| 10 000-99 000 | 435 (66.0) | 468 (68.2) | 1031 (69.4) | 1063 (70.9) | |||
| ≥100 000 | 138 (20.9) | 178 (25.9) | 151 (10.2) | 333 (22.2) | |||
| Health insurance | 536 (76.6) | 528 (75.1) | .56 | 1236 (79.3) | 12 474 (79.7) | .84 | .16 |
| Insurance covers prescription | 502 (72.3) | 504 (71.9) | .90 | 1171 (75.5) | 1192 (76.6) | .52 | .12 |
| Comorbidities and CVD risk factors | |||||||
| Hypertension | 412 (58.6) | 239 (34.0) | <.001 | 978 (62.7) | 444 (28.5) | <.001 | .075 |
| Diabetes | 161 (22.9) | 84 (12.6) | <.001 | 580 (37.2) | 151 (10.3) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 642 (91.3) | 517 (76.9) | <.001 | 1275 (81.7) | 1033 (70.2) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Obesity (BMI ≥30) | 342 (48.6) | 237 (35.1) | <.001 | 839 (53.7) | 610 (40.6) | <.001 | .03 |
| High waist circumference (women, >88 cm; men, >102 cm) | 297 (52.1) | 310 (47.0) | .08 | 988 (81.1) | 1008 (69.6) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Never | 212 (30.2) | 352 (50.2) | <.001 | 453 (29.0) | 871 (55.8) | <.001 | .21 |
| Former | 123 (17.5) | 158 (22.5) | 236 (15.1) | 311 (19.9) | |||
| Current | 367 (52.3) | 191 (27.2) | 872 (55.9) | 378 (24.2) | |||
| Live with anyone who smokes | 248 (35.6) | 142 (20.3) | <.001 | 626 (40.3) | 297 (19.2) | <.001 | .04 |
| Regular alcohol intake | 151 (21.9) | 161 (22.9) | .72 | 161 (10.6) | 181 (11.6) | .39 | <.001 |
| Physical activity | |||||||
| Recommended | 324 (46.6) | 507 (72.1) | <.001 | 537 (34.7) | 913 (58.5) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Insufficient | 181 (26.0) | 87 (12.4) | 470 (30.4) | 268 (17.2) | |||
| Inactive | 191 (27.4) | 109 (15.5) | 542 (34.9) | 380 (24.3) | |||
| History of congestive heart failure | 9 (1.3) | 5 (0.7) | .42 | 46 (2.9) | 12 (0.8) | <.001 | .025 |
| Family history of premature MI | 202 (30.3) | 77 (11.3) | <.001 | 459 (30.9) | 222 (14.5) | <.001 | .842 |
| Family history of diabetes | 295 (42.8) | 281 (40.7) | .45 | 819 (53.2) | 650 (42.2) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Depression | 140 (20.6) | 51 (8.3) | <.001 | 588 (39.1) | 165 (12.4) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Menopause before age 45 y | 0 | 0 | NA | 91 (6.1) | 48 (3.6) | .003 | NA |
| Medication use | |||||||
| Use of statin | 129 (18.3) | 92 (13.1) | .008 | 318 (20.4) | 177 (11.3) | <.001 | .29 |
| Use of β-blocker | 96 (13.7) | 54 (7.7) | <.001 | 265 (17.0) | 107 (6.9) | <.001 | .05 |
| Use of aspirin | 119 (16.9) | 5 (0.7) | <.001 | 288 (18.4) | 8 (0.5) | <.001 | .42 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared; CVD, cardiovascular disease; MI, myocardial infarction.
a
All percentages were calculated by excluding missing, do not know, and patient refused.
b
Other races include Asian individuals, Native American individuals, and individuals of other races.