. 2022 Mar 4;11(4):e210594. doi: 10.1530/EC-21-0594
This work is licensed under a Table 1.
History of the discovery of the major metabolites of vitamins D2 and D3.
| Metabolite | Tissue source | Biosynthetic enzyme | Biological role | Discovery |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin D3 metabolites | ||||
| 25-OH-D3 | Liver | 25-Hydroxylase (CYP2R1) | Main circulating metabolite | Blunt et al. 1968 (38) |
| 1,25-(OH)2D3 | Kidney (major) Extra-renal sites |
1α-Hydroxylase (CYP27B1) | Active hormonal form | Lawson et al. 1969 (39) Myrtle et al. 1970 (40) Holick et al. 1971 (41) |
| 24,25-(OH)2D3 | Kidney (major) Extra-renal sites |
24-Hydroxylase (CYP24A1) | Principal catabolite | Suda et al. 1970a (48) Holick et al. 1972 (49) |
| 25,26-(OH)2D3 | Unknown | 26-Hydroxylase (?) | Catabolite | Suda et al. 1970b (50) |
| 25-OH-D3-26,23-lactone | Kidney (major) Extra-renal sites |
24-Hydroxylase (CYP24A1) | Presumed catabolite | Wichmann et al. 1979 (51) |
| 1,24,25-(OH)3D3 | Kidney (major) Extra-renal sites |
24-Hydroxylase (CYP24A1) | Unknown possible catabolite |
Holick et al. 1974 (52) |
| Calcitroic acid | Kidney (major) Extra-renal sites |
24-Hydroxylase (CYP24A1) | Excretory form | Esvelt et al. 1981 (53) |
| Calcioic acid | Kidney (major) | 24-Hydroxylase (CYP24A1) | Excretory form | Kaufmann et al. 2019 (76) |
| 4α,25-(OH)2D3 4β,25-(OH)2D3 | Liver | General cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4) | Excretory form | Wang et al. 2013 (77) |
| Vitamin D2 metabolites | ||||
| 25-OH-D2 | Liver | 25-Hydroxylase (CYP2R1) | Main circulating metabolite | Suda et al. 1969 (45) |
| 1,25-(OH)2D2 | Kidney (major) | 1α-Hydroxylase (CYP27B1) | Active hormonal form | Jones et al. 1975 (46) |
| 24,25-(OH)2D2 | Kidney (major) | 24-Hydroxylase (CYP24A1) | Principal catabolite | Jones et al. 1980 (47) |
| 1,24,25-(OH)3D2 | Kidney (major) | 24-Hydroxylase (CYP24A1) | Presumed catabolite | Reddy et al. 1986 (78) |