Table 1.

Summary of the intracellular signaling pathways in terms of MSCs regulating other cells

Liver disease	MSCs source	Mechanism	Outcome	References
Liver sterile inflammatory injury	BM-MSCs	Promote Hippo signaling pathway	Shift macrophage polarization from M1 to M2 phenotype, diminish inflammatory mediators, and reduce hepatocellular damage	Li et al. [13]
Not mentioned	BM-MSCs	Inhibit CD25 expression and LKB1-AMPK-mTOR pathway	Potentiate T cell suppression	Yoo et al. [14]
Graft versus host disease	hP-MSCs	Regulate the crosstalk between Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathway	Inhibit the expression of PD-1 in CD4+ IL-10+ T cells, mitigate liver damage and improve redox metabolism	Zhang et al. [15]
Not mentioned	BM-MSCs	Activate Notch pathway	Increase Treg induction	Rashedi et al. [16]
Liver fibrosis	UC-MSCs	Strongly inhibit TGFβ signaling of HSCs	Inhibit HSC activation, reduce ECM deposition and liver fibrosis	An et al. [17]
Thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis	BM-MSCs	Inhibit TGF-β/Smad pathway in HSCs	Reduce hepatic collagen distribution, lowered the hydroxyproline content, and rescued liver function impairment	Jang et al. [18]
Liver fibrosis	BM-MSCs	Activate Notch1 signaling pathway and inhibit PI3K/Akt pathway	Inhibit the proliferation of HSCs	Chen et al. [19]
Liver fibrosis	BM-MSCs derived exosomes	Inhibit Wnt/β-catenin pathway	Inhibit HSC activation, reduce collagen accumulation, enhance liver functionality, inhibition of inflammation, and increased hepatocyte regeneration	Rong et al. [20]