Table 2.

Association of BADL functioning, marital and living arrangement status and social participation with major depression among older adults

Variables	AOR (95% CI) Model 1	AOR (95% CI) Model 2	AOR (95% CI) Model 3	AOR (95% CI) Model 4
Difficulty in BADL
No	Ref
Yes	2.53*** (2.17—2.95)
Difficulty in BADL X Marital status
No/ Married		Ref
No/ Unmarried		1.43*** (1.20—1.71)
Yes/ Married		2.95*** (2.40—3.64)
Yes/ Unmarried		3.02*** (2.46—3.70)
Difficulty in BADL X Living arrangement
No/ Co-residential living			Ref
No/ Separate living			1.19* (0.99—1.43)
Yes/ Co-residential living			2.55*** (2.13—3.05)
Yes/ Separate living			2.98*** (2.32—3.83)
Difficulty in BADL X Social participation
No/ Yes				Ref
No/ No				1.46*** (1.25—1.71)
Yes/ Yes				2.93*** (2.25—3.82)
Yes/ No				3.37*** (2.79—4.06)
Marital status
Married	Ref		Ref	Ref
Unmarried	1.26*** (1.08—1.48)		1.26*** (1.08—1.48)	1.26*** (1.08—1.48)
Living arrangement
Co-residential living	Ref	Ref		Ref
Separate living	1.18** (1.01—1.39)	1.18** (1.01—1.39)		1.18** (1.01—1.39)
Social participation
Yes	Ref	Ref	Ref
No	1.34*** (1.16—1.55)	1.34*** (1.16—1.55)	1.34*** (1.16—1.55)
Age (in years)
60–69	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
70–79	0.83** (0.71—0.97)	0.83** (0.71—0.97)	0.83** (0.71—0.97)	0.83** (0.71—0.97)
80 +	0.86 (0.67—1.10)	0.87 (0.68—1.12)	0.86 (0.67—1.10)	0.87 (0.68—1.11)
Sex
Male	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Female	1.37*** (1.15—1.64)	1.38*** (1.16—1.65)	1.37*** (1.15—1.64)	1.37*** (1.15—1.64)
Educational status
No/ primary	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Secondary	0.89 (0.73—1.07)	0.89 (0.73—1.08)	0.89 (0.73—1.07)	0.89 (0.73—1.08)
Higher	0.67** (0.49—0.93)	0.68** (0.49—0.94)	0.67** (0.49—0.93)	0.68** (0.49—0.94)
Working status
Never	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Not	1.60*** (1.32—1.94)	1.60*** (1.32—1.94)	1.60*** (1.32—1.94)	1.59*** (1.31—1.93)
Yes	1.45*** (1.17—1.81)	1.46*** (1.18—1.82)	1.45*** (1.17—1.81)	1.45*** (1.16—1.80)
Retired	1.81*** (1.27—2.58)	1.80*** (1.26—2.58)	1.81*** (1.27—2.58)	1.79*** (1.26—2.56)
MPCE quintile
Poorest	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Poorer	0.93 (0.77—1.12)	0.93 (0.77—1.12)	0.93 (0.77—1.12)	0.93 (0.77—1.12)
Middle	1.02 (0.82—1.27)	1.02 (0.82—1.26)	1.02 (0.82—1.27)	1.02 (0.82—1.27)
Richer	1.17 (0.95—1.44)	1.16 (0.94—1.43)	1.17 (0.95—1.44)	1.17 (0.95—1.44)
Richest	1.40*** (1.13—1.72)	1.39*** (1.12—1.71)	1.40*** (1.13—1.72)	1.39*** (1.13—1.72)
Religion
Hindu	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Muslim	1.29*** (1.09—1.53)	1.29*** (1.08—1.53)	1.29*** (1.09—1.53)	1.29*** (1.09—1.53)
Others	1.09 (0.89—1.32)	1.09 (0.90—1.32)	1.09 (0.89—1.32)	1.09 (0.90—1.32)
Caste
SC/ST	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
OBC	1.09 (0.87—1.36)	1.10 (0.88—1.37)	1.09 (0.87—1.36)	1.09 (0.87—1.36)
Others	1.20 (0.92—1.56)	1.20 (0.92—1.56)	1.20 (0.92—1.56)	1.20 (0.92—1.57)
Place of residence
Urban	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Rural	1.19** (1.01—1.42)	1.19** (1.01—1.42)	1.19** (1.01—1.42)	1.20** (1.01—1.42)
Region
North	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Central	2.21*** (1.79—2.73)	2.20*** (1.78—2.71)	2.21*** (1.79—2.73)	2.20*** (1.79—2.71)
East	1.05 (0.86—1.27)	1.04 (0.86—1.27)	1.05 (0.86—1.27)	1.05 (0.86—1.27)
Northeast	0.82 (0.61—1.11)	0.82 (0.60—1.10)	0.82 (0.61—1.11)	0.82 (0.61—1.11)
West	0.69*** (0.55—0.88)	0.69*** (0.55—0.87)	0.69*** (0.55—0.88)	0.70*** (0.55—0.88)
South	0.92 (0.73—1.17)	0.92 (0.73—1.16)	0.92 (0.73—1.17)	0.92 (0.72—1.16)
Pseudo R2	0.0636	0.0644	0.0636	0.064

X Interaction term, BADL Basic activities of daily living, MPCE Monthly per capita consumption expenditure