Table 3.
Association of IADL functioning and marital and living arrangement status and social participation with major depression among older adults
| Variables | AOR (95% CI) Model 1 | AOR (95% CI) Model 2 | AOR (95% CI) Model 3 | AOR (95% CI) Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Difficulty in IADL | ||||
| No | Ref | |||
| Yes | 2.27*** (1.96—2.64) | |||
| Difficulty in IADL X Marital status | ||||
| No/ Married | Ref | |||
| No/ Unmarried | 1.39*** (1.08—1.78) | |||
| Yes/ Married | 2.46*** (2.02—2.99) | |||
| Yes/ Unmarried | 2.80*** (2.22—3.52) | |||
| Difficulty in IADL X Living arrangement | ||||
| No/ Co-residential living | Ref | |||
| No/ Separate living | 1.19 (0.92—1.53) | |||
| Yes/ Co-residential living | 2.27*** (1.90—2.70) | |||
| Yes/ Separate living | 2.70*** (2.15—3.41) | |||
| Difficulty in IADL X Social participation | ||||
| No/ Yes | Ref | |||
| No/ No | 1.06 (0.84—1.34) | |||
| Yes/ Yes | 1.85*** (1.45—2.37) | |||
| Yes/ No | 2.82*** (2.25—3.52) | |||
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Unmarried | 1.22** (1.04—1.43) | 1.22** (1.04—1.43) | 1.22** (1.04—1.44) | |
| Living arrangement | ||||
| Co-residential living | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Separate living | 1.19** (1.01—1.40) | 1.19** (1.01—1.40) | 1.19** (1.01—1.41) | |
| Social participation | ||||
| Yes | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| No | 1.33*** (1.14—1.54) | 1.33*** (1.14—1.54) | 1.33*** (1.14—1.54) | |
| Age (in years) | ||||
| 60–69 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 70–79 | 0.83** (0.71—0.97) | 0.83** (0.71—0.97) | 0.83** (0.71—0.97) | 0.83** (0.71—0.97) |
| 80 + | 0.91 (0.71—1.18) | 0.92 (0.71—1.18) | 0.91 (0.71—1.18) | 0.90 (0.70—1.16) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Female | 1.28*** (1.07—1.54) | 1.29*** (1.07—1.55) | 1.28*** (1.07—1.54) | 1.28*** (1.07—1.54) |
| Educational status | ||||
| No/ primary | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Secondary | 0.93 (0.76—1.14) | 0.93 (0.76—1.14) | 0.93 (0.76—1.14) | 0.93 (0.76—1.14) |
| Higher | 0.72** (0.52—1.00) | 0.73* (0.52—1.01) | 0.72** (0.52—1.00) | 0.70** (0.51—0.98) |
| Working status | ||||
| Never | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Not | 1.60*** (1.31—1.95) | 1.60*** (1.31—1.95) | 1.60*** (1.31—1.95) | 1.60*** (1.31—1.95) |
| Yes | 1.42*** (1.14—1.77) | 1.42*** (1.14—1.77) | 1.42*** (1.14—1.77) | 1.42*** (1.14—1.77) |
| Retired | 1.87*** (1.30—2.69) | 1.87*** (1.30—2.68) | 1.87*** (1.30—2.69) | 1.87*** (1.30—2.69) |
| MPCE quintile | ||||
| Poorest | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Poorer | 0.91 (0.75—1.09) | 0.91 (0.75—1.09) | 0.91 (0.75—1.09) | 0.91 (0.75—1.09) |
| Middle | 1.05 (0.84—1.32) | 1.05 (0.83—1.32) | 1.05 (0.84—1.32) | 1.06 (0.84—1.33) |
| Richer | 1.16 (0.95—1.43) | 1.16 (0.95—1.43) | 1.16 (0.95—1.43) | 1.17 (0.95—1.44) |
| Richest | 1.42*** (1.15—1.75) | 1.42*** (1.15—1.75) | 1.42*** (1.15—1.76) | 1.43*** (1.16—1.76) |
| Religion | ||||
| Hindu | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Muslim | 1.25** (1.05—1.49) | 1.25** (1.05—1.49) | 1.25** (1.05—1.49) | 1.25** (1.05—1.49) |
| Others | 1.08 (0.89—1.31) | 1.08 (0.89—1.31) | 1.08 (0.89—1.31) | 1.07 (0.88—1.30) |
| Caste | ||||
| SC/ST | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| OBC | 1.09 (0.88—1.35) | 1.09 (0.88—1.36) | 1.09 (0.88—1.36) | 1.09 (0.88—1.35) |
| Others | 1.22 (0.93—1.61) | 1.22 (0.92—1.60) | 1.22 (0.93—1.61) | 1.22 (0.93—1.61) |
| Place of residence | ||||
| Urban | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Rural | 1.13 (0.95—1.34) | 1.13 (0.95—1.34) | 1.13 (0.95—1.34) | 1.13 (0.95—1.34) |
| Region | ||||
| North | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Central | 2.37*** (1.90—2.94) | 2.36*** (1.89—2.93) | 2.37*** (1.90—2.94) | 2.36*** (1.90—2.94) |
| East | 1.16 (0.95—1.41) | 1.15 (0.95—1.40) | 1.16 (0.95—1.41) | 1.15 (0.95—1.40) |
| Northeast | 0.84 (0.62—1.14) | 0.84 (0.62—1.14) | 0.84 (0.62—1.14) | 0.84 (0.62—1.15) |
| West | 0.68*** (0.54—0.86) | 0.68*** (0.54—0.86) | 0.68*** (0.54—0.86) | 0.68*** (0.54—0.86) |
| South | 1.11 (0.88—1.41) | 1.11 (0.88—1.40) | 1.11 (0.88—1.41) | 1.11 (0.88—1.40) |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.0598 | 0.0601 | 0.0598 | 0.0607 |
X Interaction term, IADL Instrumental activities of daily living, MPCE Monthly per capita consumption expenditure