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. 2022 May 3;13:177. doi: 10.1186/s13287-022-02850-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Improving freeze–thaw tolerance through pre-treatment. a Flow cytometric analysis of synovial MSCs and HUVECs after freeze-thawing by forward scatter (FSC) and side scatter (SSC), stained with FITC-caspase-3/7 and V500-SYTOX™ blue dead cell stain. b Live cell rate of synovial MSCs and HUVECs. Cells negative for FITC and V500 were considered live cells. Mean values and SD are shown (n = 6). The p value was calculated using the Mann–Whitney test. c Colony forming units (CFUs) of synovial MSCs and HUVECs after freeze-thawing. Representative dishes stained with crystal violet. d CFUs after 12 days in culture before and after freeze-thawing. Mean values and SD are shown (n = 18). e Colony area after 12 days in culture before and after freeze-thawing. Mean values and SD are shown (n = 12). Thawed: cells immediately after freeze-thawing. The p value was calculated using the Kruskal–Wallis test with Steel–Dwass multiple comparisons test