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. 2022 May 3;21:138. doi: 10.1186/s12936-022-04151-4

Table 3.

Geographic distribution and prevalence of P. ovale sp., P. ovale wallikeri and P. ovale curtisi (Sequences submitted to GenBank as P. ovale were assigned to species level post hoc)

Country Type Diagnostic Technique Prevalence References
Afghanistan P. ovale curtisi PCR Imported to Switzerland Nguyen et al. 2020 [162]
Angola P. ovale curtisi Sequence GenBank: FJ409571; FJ409567 Duval et al. 2009 [163]
P. ovale wallikeri Sequence GenBank: MG588149; imported to China Zhou et al. Unpublished –
P. ovale wallikeri PCR 0.3% (11/3316) 3 mono + 8 mixed; 2% (11/541) malaria positives Fançony et al. 2013 [36]
P. ovale curtisi PCR 0.3% (11/3316) 4 mono + 7 mixed; 2% (11/541) malaria positives Fançony et al. 2013 [36]
Bangladesh P. ovale curtisi Sequence 0.26% (1/379) symptomatic; 0.45% (10/1867) incl. asymptomatic participants; Mono—36.4% Fuehrer et al. 2012 [161]
P. ovale wallikeri Sequence 0.79% (3/379) symptomatic; 0.53% (12/1867) incl. asymptomatic participants; Mono—46.1% Fuehrer et al. 2012 [161]
Benin P. ovale wallikeri Sequence GenBank: GQ183063; EU266604 Sutherland et al. 2010 [159]
P. ovale wallikeri PCR 1 isolate in meta-analysis Bauffe et al. 2012 [164]
P. ovale curtisi PCR 2 isolates in meta-analysis Bauffe et al. 2012 [164]
Botswana P. ovale curtisi PCR 1.85% (30/1614); 11 mono and 19 mixed Motshoge et al. 2021 [165]
Brunei P. ovale sp. 1 case imported to China Cao et al. 2016 [90]
Burkina Faso P. ovale curtisi PCR 3 isolates Calderaro et al. 2012 [166]
P. ovale wallikeri PCR Imported to Germany Frickmann et al. 2019 [167]
Burma/Myanmar P. ovale curtisi Sequence Various: e.g. KX672039; AB182496 Win et al. 2004; Li et al. 2016 [48, 156]
P. ovale wallikeri Sequence Various: e.g. AB182497 Win et al. 2004 [48]
Burundi P. ovale wallikeri PCR 1 isolate, imported to UK Nolder et al. 2013 [168]
Cambodia P. ovale curtisi Sequence GenBank: e.g. FJ409571 Duval et al. 2009 [163]
P. ovale wallikeri Sequence Incardona et al. 2005 [169]
Cameroon P. ovale curtisi Sequence Imported to Singapore; GenBank: e.g. KP050401 Chavatte et al. 2015 [170]
P. ovale curtisi Sequence Kojom Foko et al. 2021 [171]
P. ovale wallikeri Sequence GenBank: e.g. FJ409566 Duval et al. 2009 [56]
Central African Republic P. ovale curtisi Sequence Various GenBank: e.g. FJ409571; KP050465 Duval et al. 2009; Chavatte et al. 2015 [163, 170]
P. ovale wallikeri Sequence 1.1% (1/95) asymptomatics; 4.3% (1/23) of malaria positives; GenBank: MG241227 Mapua et al. 2018 [58]
Chad P. ovale curtisi PCR 1 isolate in meta-analysis Bauffe et al. 2012 [164]
P. ovale wallikeri PCR 1 isolate in meta-analysis Bauffe et al. 2012 [164]
P. ovale curtisi PCR Imported to China Zhou et al. 2019 [172]
P. ovale wallikeri PCR Imported to China Zhou et al. 2019 [172]
China (Yunnan) P. ovale curtisi Sequence GenBank: KX672045; certified malaria free since 2021 Li et al. 2016 [48]
Comoros P. ovale curtisi PCR 7 isolates Bauffe et al. 2012 [164]
P. ovale wallikeri PCR 11 isolates Bauffe et al. 2012 [164]
Congo DRC P. ovale curtisi Sequence GenBank: e.g. FJ409567 Duval et al. 2009 [163]
P. ovale wallikeri Sequence 1% (2/198) children < 5 years; GenBank: KT867772 Gabrielli et al. 2016 [173]
Congo Republic of the P. ovale curtisi Sequence Imported to China; GenBank: MT430962 Chen et al. 2020 [174]
P. ovale curtisi PCR 4 clinical cases Oguike et al. 2011 [175]
P. ovale wallikeri PCR 2 clinical cases Oguike et al. 2011 [175]
Cote d’Ivoire P. ovale curtisi Sequence GenBank: e.g. FJ409567; KP050411 Duval et al. 2009; Chavatte et al. 2015 [163, 170]
P. ovale wallikeri Sequence GenBank: e.g. GU723538 Sutherland et al. 2010 [159]
Djibouti P. ovale sp. Rarely, 1 case in 2018/19 season de Santi et al. 2021 [176]
East Timor (Timor-Leste) P. ovale sp.

Present according to WHO;

Documented in West Timor

 Gundelfinger 1975 [177]
Equatorial Guinea P. ovale curtisi Sequence GenBank: JF505386 Unpublished –
P. ovale wallikeri Sequence GenBank: e.g.: KP050469 Chavatte et al. 2015 [170]
P. ovale curtisi PCR Bioko Island—0.9–1.4% ovale in total population Oguike et al. 2011 [175]
P. ovale wallikeri PCR Bioko Island—0.9–1.4% ovale in total population Oguike et al. 2011 [175]
Eritrea P. ovale sp. 1 case—imported to Germany Roggelin et al. 2016 [178]
P. ovale sp. 2.7% (4/146)—imported to Europe Schlagenhauf et al. 2018 [72]
Ethiopia P. ovale curtisi Sequence 0.7% (2/300) of symptomatic patients; 1.1% (2/184) of malaria positives, GenBank: e.g. KF536874 Alemu et al. 2013 [179]
P. ovale wallikeri Sequence 2.3% (7/300) of symptomatic patients; 3.8% (7/184) of malaria positives, GenBank: e.g. KF536876 Alemu et al. 2013 [179]
Gabon P. ovale curtisi Sequence GenBank: e.g.: FJ409571; MG869603 Duval et al. 2009; Groger et al. 2019 [163, 180]
P. ovale wallikeri Sequence GenBank: e.g.: KJ170104; MG869598 Groger et al. 2019 [180]
P. ovale curtisi PCR Rural Gabon—8.9% of malaria positives; 7 of 74 mono infection Woldearegai et al. 2019 [76]
P. ovale wallikeri PCR Rural Gabon—4.6% of malaria positives; 1 of 38 mono infection Woldearegai et al. 2019 [76]
Gambia, The P. ovale wallikeri PCR 0.16% (1/604) pregnant Williams et al. 2016 [44]
Ghana P. ovale curtisi Sequence GenBank: e.g.: GU723554 Sutherland et al. 2010 [159]
P. ovale wallikeri Sequence GenBank: e.g.: KP725067 Oguike and Sutherland 2015 [181]
P. ovale curtisi PCR Ashanti Region, 4% (15/284) malaria positives Heinemann et al. 2020 [182]
P. ovale wallikeri PCR Ashanti Region, 3% (12/284) malaria positives Heinemann et al. 2020 [182]
P. ovale curtisi PCR 27 cases—Children 5–17 Dinko et al. 2013 [27]
P. ovale wallikeri PCR 7 cases—Children 5–17 Dinko et al. 2013 [27]
Guinea P. ovale curtisi Sequence GenBank: e.g.: FJ409571 Duval et al. 2009 [181]
P. ovale curtisi PCR Imported to France Joste et al. 2021 [183]
P. ovale wallikeri PCR Imported to China and France Zhou et al. 2018; Joste et al. 2021 [183, 184]
Guinea-Bissau P. ovale curtisi Sequence GenBank: e.g.: EU266611 Sutherland et al. 2010 [159]
P. ovale wallikeri PCR Saralamba et al. 2019 [185]
India P. ovale curtisi Sequence GenBank: e.g.: KU510234; KP050460 Chavatte et al. 2015; Krishna et al. 2017 [170, 186]
P. ovale wallikeri Sequence Mono infection, Bastar division of Chhattisgarh state, GenBank: KM873370 Chaturvedi et al. 2015 [83]
P. ovale curtisi Sequence Mono infection, Bastar division of Chhattisgarh state, GenBank: KM288710 Chaturvedi et al. 2015 [83]
Indonesia P. ovale curtisi Sequence Sumatra,—GenBank: e.g.: KP050463 Chavatte et al. 2015 [170]
P. ovale wallikeri Sequence GenBank: e.g.: AB182497 Win et al. 2004 [167]
Kenya P. ovale curtisi Sequence GenBank: e.g.: KM494987 Miller et al. 2015 [186]
P. ovale wallikeri Sequence GenBank: e.g.: KM494986 Miller et al. 2015 [186]
Laos P. ovale curtisi Sequence Toma et al. 1999 [188]
P. ovale wallikeri Sequence Toma et al. 1999 [188]
P. ovale sp. PCR 0.04% (1/2409) participants Iwagami et al. 2018 [189]
Liberia P. ovale curtisi Sequence GenBank: e.g.: KP050457 Chavatte et al. 2015 [170]
P. ovale wallikeri Sequence GenBank: e.g.: KP050382 Chavatte et al. 2015 [170]
Madagascar P. ovale curtisi Randriamiarinjatovo 2015 [190]
P. ovale wallikeri Sequence GenBank: e.g.: FJ409570 Duval et al. 2009 [163]
P. ovale sp. PCR 1.4% (8/559) of malaria positives; 2 mono infections Mehlotra et al. 2019 [91]
Malawi P. ovale curtisi PCR 2 isolates Oguike and Sutherland 2015 [181]
P. ovale wallikeri PCR 2 isolates Oguike and Sutherland 2015 [181]
Malaysia P. ovale sp. (P. ovale curtisi) PCR 0.17% (1/585) asymptomatic; 5.3% (1/19) of malaria positives; primers rOVA1/rOVA2 Noordin et al. 2020 [191]
P. ovale curtisi Sequence Pahang; GenBank: MK351321 unpublished –
P. ovale sp. PCR 0.4% (2/457) malaria positives Yusof et al. 2014 [192]
Mali P. ovale wallikeri Sequence GenBank: e.g. FJ409566 Duval et al. 2009 [163]
P. ovale curtisi PCR 0.49% (3/603) in pregnant women; 1 mono + 2 mixed Williams et al. 2016 [44]
P. ovale wallikeri PCR 0.49% (3/603) in pregnant women; 3 mixed Williams et al. 2016 [44]
Mauritania P. ovale sp. Microscopy Asymptomatic; Sahelian zone 0.47% (5/1056); Saharan zone 0.18% (2/1059); Sahelo-Saharan zone 0.37% (5/1330) Ouldabdallahi Moukah et al. 2016 [97]
P. ovale curtisi PCR Imported to France Joste et al. 2021 [183]
Mayotte P. ovale sp. Regional Health Agency 0.4% of malaria cases Maillard et al. 2015 [99]
Mozambique P. ovale curtisi Sequence GenBank: e.g. GU723517 Sutherland et al. 2010 [159]
P. ovale curtisi PCR Imported to China Cao et al. 2016 [90]
P. ovale wallikeri PCR Imported to France and Spain

Rojo-Marcos et al. 2014,

Joste et al. 2021

 [183, 193]
Namibia P. ovale curtisi PCR 0.31% (of 952) children < 9 years Haiyambo et al. 2019 [194]
Niger P. ovale sp. Microscopy 1 case Doudou et al. 2012 [102]
P. ovale curtisi PCR Imported to France Joste et al. 2021 [183]
P. ovale wallikeri PCR Imported to France Joste et al. 2021 [183]
Nigeria P. ovale curtisi Sequence GenBank: e.g.: GU723534; KP050374

Sutherland et al. 2010;

Chavatte et al. 2015

 [159, 170]
P. ovale wallikeri Sequence GenBank: e.g.: GU723579 Sutherland et al. 2010 [159]
P. ovale sp. PCR 24% of malaria positives Abdulraheem et al. 2019 [106]
P. ovale curtisi PCR 1.1% (4/365) malaria positive children Oyedeji et al. 2021 [195]
P. ovale curtisi PCR Imported to China, France and Spain

Cao et al. 2016;

Joste et al. 2021;

Rojo-Marcos et al. 2014

 [90, 183, 193]
P. ovale wallikeri PCR Imported to China, France and Spain

Cao et al. 2016;

Joste et al. 2021;

Rojo-Marcos et al. 2014

 [90, 183, 193]
Pakistan P. ovale sp. PCR Imported to China Cao et al. 2016 [90]
Papua New Guinea P. ovale curtisi Sequence GenBank: e.g.: AF145337 Mehlotra et al. 2002 [196]
P. ovale wallikeri Sequence GenBank: e.g.: EU266603 Sutherland et al. 2010 [159]
P. ovale sp. PCR 3.4% of 504 children aged 5–10 y from East Sepik Province Robinson et al. 2015 [197]
Philippines P. ovale sp. Rare, Palawan only until 1977 Cabrera and Arambulo 1977 [200]
P. ovale sp. PCR Palawan—0.3% (2/613) Reyes et al. 2021 [199]
Rwanda P. ovale wallikeri PCR Imported to France Joste et al. 2021 [183]
P. ovale wallikeri Sequence GenBank: e.g.: FJ409570 Duval et al. 2009 [163]
P. ovale sp. PCR 4.9% (53/1089) schoolchildren Sifft et al. 2016 [200]
Sao Tome and Principe P. ovale curtisi Sequence GenBank: e.g.: GQ231520 Sutherland et al. 2010 [159]
P. ovale wallikeri Sequence GenBank: e.g.: EU266603 Sutherland et al. 2010 [159]
P. ovale sp. PCR 2.8% of 661 Pinto et al. 2000 [201]
Senegal P. ovale curtisi Sequence GenBank: e.g.: KX417703 unpublished –
P. ovale wallikeri Sequence GenBank: e.g.: KX417699 unpublished –
P. ovale sp. PCR 4.91% (6/122) Badiane et al. 2021 [116]
P. ovale curtisi PCR Imported to France Joste et al. 2021 [183]
P. ovale wallikeri PCR Imported to France Joste et al. 2021 [183]
Sierra Leone P. ovale curtisi Sequence GenBank: e.g.: GU723523 Sutherland et al. 2010 [159]
P. ovale wallikeri Sequence GenBank: e.g.: GU723571 Sutherland et al. 2010 [159]
P. ovale curtisi PCR Imported to France Joste et al. 2021 [183]
P. ovale wallikeri PCR Imported to France Joste et al. 2021 [183]
P. ovale sp. PCR 0.4% (2/534) febrile patients Leski et al. 2020 [118]
Solomon Islands P. ovale wallikeri PCR Echeverry et al. 2016; Echeverry et al. 2017 [202, 203]
P. ovale sp. PCR 0.05% (1/1914) Russell et al. 2021 [204]
Somalia P. ovale sp. Imported to USA (military) CDC 1993 [205]
South Africa P. ovale sp. PCR Imported to China Cao et al. 2016 [90]
South Sudan P. ovale sp. Microscopy Bor; 1.2% of 392 Omer et al. 1978 [121]
Sri Lanka P. ovale curtisi PCR 1 isolate in meta-analysis; Sri Lanka malariafree since 2016 Bauffe et al. 2012 [164]
Sudan P. ovale sp. Microscopy New Halfa, 2% of 190 malaria positives Himeidan et al. 2005 [206]
P. ovale sp. Microscopy Khartoum; 0.32% of 3791 participants El Sayed et al. 2000 [207]
P. ovale sp. PCR Imported to China Cao et al. 2016 [90]
Tanzania P. ovale curtisi Sequence GenBank: e.g.: GU723515 Sutherland et al. 2010 [159]
P. ovale wallikeri PCR 1 isolate Calderaro et al. 2013 [208]
P. ovale wallikeri PCR 2 cases, Imported to France Joste et al. 2021 [183]
P. ovale sp. PCR Zanzibar; 16.2% (30/185) malaria PCR positives; 10 mono + 20 mixed infections Cook et al. 2015 [209]
Thailand P. ovale curtisi Sequence GenBank: e.g.: KC137349; KF018432 Putaporntip et al. 2013; Tanomsing et al. 2013 [210, 211]
P. ovale wallikeri Sequence GenBank: e.g.: GQ231519; KC137344; KF018430 Sutherland et al. 2010; Putaporntip et al. 2013; Tanomsing et al. 2013 [159, 210, 211]
P. ovale sp. PCR 0.3% (4/1347) asymptomatic participants; 4 mixed infections Baum et al. 2016 [212]
Togo P. ovale sp. 2.8% Gbary et al. 1988 [213]
P. ovale sp. 2% of malaria positives MSPS 2017 [214]
P. ovale curtisi PCR 12 cases, Imported to France Joste et al. 2021 [183]
P. ovale wallikeri PCR 14 cases, Imported to France Joste et al. 2021 [183]
Uganda P. ovale curtisi Sequence GenBank: e.g.: GU723521 Sutherland et al. 2010 [159]
P. ovale wallikeri Sequence GenBank: e.g.: GU723573; KP050464

Chavatte et al. 2015;

Sutherland et al. 2010

 [159, 170]
P. ovale curtisi PCR Apac District; Buliisa District; Mayuge District Oguike et al. 2011 [175]
P. ovale wallikeri PCR Apac District; Buliisa District; Mayuge District Oguike et al. 2011 [175]
P. ovale sp. PCR 0–6.7% of all malaria; 0–4.3% of population Oguike et al. 2011 [175]
P. ovale sp. PCR Imported to China Cao et al. 2016 [90]
Vietnam P. ovale curtisi Sequence GenBank: e.g.: GU723523 Sutherland et al. 2010 [159]
P. ovale wallikeri Sequence GenBank: e.g.: AF387041 Unpublished –
P. ovale sp. PCR 0.8% (19/2303) of population Nguyen et al. 2012 [137]
Yemen P. ovale sp. Microscopy 1 symptomatic case, Beni-Hussan village Al-Maktari and Bassiouny 1999 [215]
Zambia P. ovale wallikeri PCR 1 case Nolder et al. 2013 [168]
P. ovale wallikeri LAMP eastern Zambia Hayashida et al. 2017 [216]
P. ovale curtisi LAMP eastern Zambia Hayashida et al. 2017 [216]
P. ovale sp. LAMP 10.6% in asymptomatic participants Hayashida et al. 2017 [216]
P. ovale sp. PCR Western province (cross-sectional survey); 12.4% (32/259); 6 mono + 26 mixed Sitali et al. 2019 [141]
Zimbabwe P. ovale wallikeri Sequence GenBank: e.g.: FJ409570 Duval et al. 2009 [163]
P. ovale sp.  < 2% of malaria positives Taylor 1985 [217]