Table 3.
Factors associated with solid fuel use among households in Ethiopia, 2021: Data from 2016 EDHS (n = 16 650).
| Variables | Categories | Null model | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR [95% CI] | AOR [95% CI] | AOR [95% CI] | |||
| Age of HH head | <18 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 18-30 | 0.21 [0.08-0.60]** | 0.22 [0.08-0.62]** | |||
| 31-45 | 0.20 [0.07-0.57]** | 0.23 [0.07-0.64]** | |||
| 46-65 | 0.14 [0.15-0.47]*** | 0.16 [0.06-0.47]** | |||
| >66 | 0.12 [0.41-0.37]*** | 0.16 [0.05-0.48]** | |||
| Sex of HH head | Male | Ref | Ref | ||
| Female | 1.15 [0.88-1.49] | 1.24 [0.96-1.67] | |||
| Educational status of HH head | No education | 4.55 [3.36-6.15]*** | 3.82 [2.82-5.17]*** | ||
| Primary education | 3.33 [2.62-4.21]*** | 3.09 [2.44-3.91]*** | |||
| Secondary and above | Ref | Ref | |||
| Marital status | Never married | Ref | Ref | ||
| Married | 1.54 [1.12-2.14]* | 1.48 [1.07-2.07]* | |||
| Widowed | 0.74 [0.47-1.15] | 0.76 [0.48-1.19] | |||
| Divorced | 1.86 [1.19-2.89]** | 1.85 [1.19-2.87]** | |||
| Household size | <2 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 3-4 | 1.01 [0.78-1.30] | 1.02 [0.79-1.32] | |||
| >5 | 0.74 [0.56-0.99]* | 0.69 [0.52-0.93]* | |||
| Wealth index | Poor | Ref | Ref | ||
| Middle | 0.19 [0.08-0.45]*** | 0.22 [0.09-0.53]** | |||
| Rich | 0.05 [0.02-0.16]*** | 0.08 [0.04-0.18]*** | |||
| Electricity access | No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 0.05 [0.03-0.07]*** | 0.29 [0.16-0.51]*** | |||
| Water access | Basic | Ref | Ref | ||
| Limited | 1.46 [1.00-2.13]* | 1.08 [0.75-1.58] | |||
| Place of cooking | In the house | Ref | Ref | ||
| In separate building | 3.20 [2.57-3.97]*** | 2.90 [2.33-3.60]*** | |||
| Outdoors | 4.08 [2.92-5.67]*** | 4.13 [2.96-5.76]*** | |||
| Residence | Rural | Ref | Ref | ||
| Urban | 0.05 [0.03-0.11]*** | 0.18 [0.09-0.38]*** | |||
| Region | Metropolis | Ref | Ref | ||
| Large central | 7.70 [4.71-12.58]*** | 7.06 [4.31-11.55]*** | |||
| Small peripherals | 21.16 [9.16-48.87]*** | 14.44 [6.12-34.04]*** | |||
| Com. Media | Low | Ref | Ref | ||
| High | 0.71 [0.36-1.40] | 1.10 [0.56-2.19] | |||
| Com. Poverty | Low | Ref | Ref | ||
| High | 2.71 [1.38-5.31]** | 1.20 [0.60-2.39] | |||
| Com. Education | Low | Ref | Ref | ||
| High | 0.40 [0.22-0.73] | 0.66 [0.36-1.22] | |||
| Random effect | |||||
| VA | 13.73 | 2.73 | 1.56 | 1.44 | |
| ICC | 0.81 | 0.45 | 0.32 | 0.31 | |
| MOR | 33.79 | 4.81 | 3.27 | 3.13 | |
| PCV | Ref | 0.80 | 0.89 | 0.90 | |
| Model comparison | |||||
| Deviance | 4536 | 3698 | 4020 | 3528 | |
Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; Com. Education, community educational status; Com. Media, community media use; Com. Poverty, community poverty; HH, Household; ICC, inter-cluster correlation coefficient; MOR, median odds ratio; PCV, a proportional change in variance; Ref, Reference group.
*
P-value <.05. **P-value <.01. ***P-value <.001.