The function of HMCES in SHM is dependent on the activity of UNG. (A,B) WT, HMCES KO, UNG KO, and HMCES/UNG dKO (double-KO) RASH-1C cells with dox for 4 d were assayed for GFP loss (A) and IgM loss (B). (C) UNG KO or WT RASH-1C cells overexpressing UNG2 induced with dox for 4 d were assayed for GFP loss. (D) HMCES or UNG2 was overexpressed in WT or HMCES KO RASH-1C cells. Cells induced with dox for 4 d were assayed for GFP loss. (E) HMCES and UNG dKO RASH-1C cells overexpressing UNG2 or HMCES induced with dox for 4 d were assayed for GFP loss. (F,G) Point mutation frequencies in the HTS7 (F) and VDJ (G) regions from WT RASH-1C cells overexpressing UNG2. Throughout the figure, data are presented with the bars representing mean and the error bars as ±SD. Statistical significance was calculated using one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's post-test for A, B, D, and E and using two-tailed Student's t-test for C, F, and G. (***) P-value < 0.001, (**) P-value < 0.01, (*) P-value < 0.05, (ns) not significant.