Table 5.

PM_2.5 emission factors, split of PM in elemental (BC) and organic mass (OM) from Ntziachristos and Samarras [216].

Category	Euro Standard	PM2.5 EF (mg km−1)	BC/PM2.5 (%)	OM/BC (%)	Uncertainties (%)
Petrol PC and LCV	PRE-ECE	2.2–2.3	2	4900	50
	ECE 15 00/01	2.2–2.3	5	1900	50
	ECE 15 02/03	2.2–2.3	5	1900	50
	ECE 15 04	2.2–2.3	20	400	50
	Open loop	2.2–2.3	30	233	30
	Euro 1	2.2–2.3	25	250	30
	Euro 2	2.2–2.3	25	250	30
	Euro 3	1.1–2.2	15	300	30
	Euro 4	1.1	15	300	30
Diesel PC and LCV	Conventional	220.9–356	55	70	10
	Euro 1	84.2–117	70	40	10
	Euro 2	54.8–117	80	23	10
	Euro 3	39.1–78.3	85	15	5
	Euro 4	31.4–40.9	87	13	5
	Euro 3,4,5 equipped with DPF and fuel additive	-	10	500	50
	Euro 3,4,5 equipped with a catalysed DPF	-	20	200	50
Diesel HDV	Conventional	333–491	50	80	20
	EURO I	129–358	65	40	20
	EURO II	61–194	65	40	20
	EURO III	56.5–151	70	30	20
	EURO IV	10.6–26.8	75	25	20
	EURO V	10.6–26.8	75	25	20
	EURO VI	0.5–1.3	15	300	30
L-Categories **	Conventional 2 stroke	176	10	900	50
	Euro 1 2 stroke	45	20	400	50
	Euro 2 2 stroke	26	20	400	50
	Conventional 4 stroke	14–176	15	560	50
	Euro 1 4 stroke	14–40	25	300	50
	Euro 2 4 stroke	3.5–7	25	300	50
	Euro 3 4 stroke	0.96–4	25	250	50

Notes: The values originate from available data in the literature and engineering estimates of the effects of specific technologies (catalysts, DPFs, etc.) on emissions. The estimates are also based on the assumption that low-sulphur fuels (<50 ppm t. S) are used. Hence, the contribution of sulphate to PM emissions is generally low. In cases where advanced after-treatment is used (such as catalysed DPFs), then EC and OM does not add up to 100%. The remaining fraction is assumed to be ash, nitrates, sulphates, water and ammonium salts.

^**L-categories are Mopeds and Motorbikes.