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. 2022 May 2;16(1):97–112. doi: 10.1080/19336950.2022.2055521

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Carvedilol increases CaT alternans susceptibility. A, Representative traces of CaT alternans recorded in control and in presence of carvedilol at 0.5, 0.75 and 1 µM. B, CaT alternans in control and in presence of metoprolol (10 µM) as negative control. C, Mean CaT alternans ratio (AR) from control and carvedilol (0.5 µM: P = 0.31, n = 5; 0.75 µM: * P = 0.039, n = 11; 1 µM: ** P = 0.001, n = 14) or metoprolol (Met; 10 µM; P = 0.41, n = 7) treated atrial myocytes. All experiments are paired measurements of control and drug effect measured in the same cell and statistical analysis (paired t-test) was done against concentration specific controls. For presentation purpose only, all controls were pooled together. D, Representative CaT traces recorded in control and in presence of carvedilol (1 µM) at 1 Hz pacing rate. E, Mean CaT alternans ratio (AR) in control and 1 µM carvedilol (1 Hz; P = 0.008, n = 11). F, Carvedilol effect on SR Ca load was quantified as the amplitude of the CaT elicited by caffeine (10 mM) in control (top) and in the presence of 0.75 µM carvedilol (bottom). G, Average CaT amplitudes in response to caffeine (n = 7).