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. 2022 May 2;16(1):97–112. doi: 10.1080/19336950.2022.2055521

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© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 3. — Carvedilol induces APD alternans. A, Representative AP traces recorded in control and in presence of carvedilol (0.75 µM) at 1 Hz. B, Overlay of 2 consecutive APs in control and carvedilol treated cells (marked by box in panel A). APs were recorded in current-clamp mode and evoked by 5 ms stimulation pulses of a magnitude ~1.5 times higher than AP activation threshold. C, APD of a pair of consecutive APs were classified as long (l) and short (s) based on APD50 analysis. Comparison of control and carvedilol mean APD50 of long (L: P = 0.19; n = 11) and short (S: P = 0.24) APs. D, AR_APD50 in control and after carvedilol (P = 0.096). E, Representative AP traces recorded in control and in presence of carvedilol (0.75 µM) at 2 Hz. F, Overlay of 2 consecutive APs in control and carvedilol treated cells (marked by box in panel E). G, Comparison of control and carvedilol mean APD50 of long (L: P = 0.12; n = 9) and short (S: P = 0.037) APs. H, Average AR_APD50 in control and after carvedilol treatment (P = 0.034). Statistical analysis with paired t-test.