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. 2022 Apr 28;14(1):2068367. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2068367

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

The scheme of heparin and HS degradation by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron VPI-5482. Heparin/HS shed from epithelial cell line and acquired from the diet enter the gut lumen. A surface HS lyase (BT4662-PL12) depolymerizes these glycans into oligosaccharides, which are then internalized by BT4660-SusC via binding to BT4659-SusD and BT4661-SGBP. In the periplasm, three more heparin/HS lyases (BT4652-PL15, BT4657-PL12, and BT5475-PL13) cleave these oligomers to produce disaccharides. The disaccharides are desulfated at the 2-O position by BT1596 (S1_9). The product of sulfatase BT1596 is the substrate of the GH88 Δ-4,5-unsaturated β-glucuronyl hydrolase BT4658 and the activator ligand of HTCS protein. The monosaccharides liberated by GH88 are finally desulfated by BT4656-6-O-sulfatase (S1_11) and a yet unknown 3-O-sulfatase. The unsulfated monomers are imported into the cytoplasm for further metabolism. Hep: heparin.