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Outline of the ribotoxic stress response pathway.
Ribosomal RNA damage, caused by exposure of ribosomes to toxins, translation inhibitors or UV-irradiation, is sensed by the MAP3K ZAKα. Activated ZAKα promotes the activation of two MAP kinase families, the extracellular-receptor kinases (ERKs) and the stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs; including p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs)). See section 2.3 in the text for details.
