Table 3. Prevalence of physical health conditions.
| Prevalence, n (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Demographic aORa (95% CI) | Demographic and risk aORb (95% CI) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No SMI | SMI | Schizc | Bipolar | Other | SMI | Schizc | Bipolar | Other | SMI | Schizc | Bipolar | Other | SMI | Schizc | Bipolar | Other | |
| Asthma | 41,817 (15.22) | 12,759 (18.55) | 2,352 (15.65) | 5,131 (21.01) | 5,276 (17.99) | 1.27 (1.24 to 1.30) p < 0.001 | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.08) p = 0.16 | 1.48 (1.43 to 1.53) p < 0.001 | 1.22 (1.18 to 1.26) p < 0.001 | 1.28 (1.25 to 1.30) p < 0.001 | 1.07 (1.02 to 1.12) p = 0.003 | 1.45 (1.40 to 1.49) p < 0.001 | 1.24 (1.20 to 1.28) p < 0.001 | 1.06 (1.03 to 1.08) p < 0.001 | 0.87 (0.83 to 0.91) p < 0.001 | 1.17 (1.13 to 1.21) p < 0.001 | 1.06 (1.02 to 1.09) p < 0.001 |
| COPD | 10,187 (3.71) | 3,795 (5.52) | 781 (5.20) | 1,426 (5.84) | 1,588 (5.41) | 1.52 (1.46 to 1.58) p < 0.001 | 1.42 (1.32 to 1.53) p < 0.001 | 1.61 (1.52 to 1.70) p < 0.001 | 1.49 (1.41 to 1.57) p < 0.001 | 1.61 (1.55 to 1.67) p < 0.001 | 1.81 (1.67 to 1.95) p < 0.001 | 1.90 (1.79 to 2.01) p < 0.001 | 1.34 (1.27 to 1.42) p < 0.001 | 1.21 (1.16 to 1.26) p < 0.001 | 1.27 (1.17 to 1.37) p < 0.001 | 1.36 (1.28 to 1.45) p < 0.001 | 1.07 (1.01 to 1.14) p = 0.02 |
| Cardiac arrhythmia | 14,465 (5.27) | 3,666 (5.33) | 546 (3.63) | 1,177 (4.82) | 1,943 (6.62) | (0.98 to 1.05) p = 0.50 | 0.68 (0.62 to 0.74) p < 0.001 | 0.91 (0.86 to 0.97) p = 0.003 | 1.28 (1.22 to 1.34) p < 0.001 | 1.06 (1.02 to 1.10) p = 0.003 | 0.91 (0.83 to 0.99) p = 0.03 | 1.11 (1.04 to 1.18) p = 0.002 | 1.09 (1.03 to 1.15) p = 0.002 | 1.00 (0.96 to 1.04) p = 0.91 | 0.86 (0.78 to 0.94) p < 0.001 | 0.99 (0.92 to 1.05) p = 0.67 | 1.06 (1.00 to 1.11) p = 0.04 |
| Congestive heart failure | 7,073 (2.57) | 1,894 (2.75) | 291 (1.94) | 585 (2.40) | 1,018 (3.47) | 1.07 (1.02 to 1.13) p = 0.009 | 0.75 (0.66 to 0.84) p < 0.001 | 0.93 (0.85 to 1.01) p = 0.09 | 1.36 (1.27 to 1.45) p < 0.001 | 1.14 (1.08 to 1.20) p < 0.001 | 1.06 (0.93 to 1.20) p = 0.38 | 1.27 (1.16 to 1.38) p < 0.001 | 1.10 (1.03 to 1.18) p = 0.008 | 1.07 (1.01 to 1.13) p = 0.02 | 0.98 (0.87 to 1.11) p = 0.79 | 1.11 (1.01 to 1.21) p = 0.03 | 1.08 (1.00 to 1.16) p = 0.05 |
| Myocardial infarction | 6,237 (2.27) | 1,593 (2.32) | 254 (1.69) | 461 (1.89) | 878 (2.99) | 1.02 (0.97 to 1.08) p = 0.45 | 0.74 (0.65 to 0.84) p < 0.001 | 0.83 (0.75 to 0.91) p < 0.001 | 1.33 (1.24 to 1.43) p < 0.001 | 1.07 (1.01 to 1.14) p = 0.02 | 0.96 (0.84 to 1.09) p = 0.52 | 1.02 (0.92 to 1.12) p = 0.71 | 1.15 (1.06 to 1.24) p < 0.001 | 1.00 (0.94 to 1.06) p = 0.89 | 0.87 (0.76 to 0.99) p = 0.03 | 0.89 (0.80 to 0.98) p = 0.02 | 1.12 (1.04 to 1.21) p = 0.004 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 12,049 (4.39) | 4,071 (5.92) | 597 (3.97) | 1,364 (5.59) | 2,110 (7.19) | 1.37 (1.32 to 1.42) p < 0.001 | 0.90 (0.83 to 0.98) p = 0.02 | 1.29 (1.22 to 1.37) p < 0.001 | 1.69 (1.61 to 1.77) p < 0.001 | 1.51 (1.45 to 1.57) p < 0.001 | 1.26 (1.15 to 1.38) p < 0.001 | 1.70 (1.60 to 1.81) p < 0.001 | 1.47 (1.40 to 1.55) p < 0.001 | 1.40 (1.35 to 1.46) p < 0.001 | 1.16 (1.06 to 1.27) p < 0.001 | 1.52 (1.43 to 1.62) p < 0.001 | 1.41 (1.34 to 1.49) p < 0.001 |
| Neurological disease | 8,071 (2.94) | 5,509 (8.01) | 1,079 (7.18) | 1,765 (7.23) | 2,665 (9.08) | 2.88 (2.78 to 2.98) p < 0.001 | 2.56 (2.39 to 2.73) p < 0.001 | 2.57 (2.44 to 2.71) p < 0.001 | 3.30 (3.15 to 3.45) p < 0.001 | 2.92 (2.82 to 3.03) p < 0.001 | 2.80 (2.62 to 2.99) p < 0.001 | 2.62 (2.49 to 2.77) p < 0.001 | 3.22 (3.08 to 3.38) p < 0.001 | 2.63 (2.54 to 2.73) p < 0.001 | 2.53 (2.36 to 2.7) p < 0.001 | 2.34 (2.22 to 2.48) p < 0.001 | 2.92 (2.79 to 3.06) p < 0.001 |
| Cancer | 23,994 (8.74) | 5,488 (7.98) | 841 (5.60) | 2,069 (8.79) | 2,578 (8.79) | 0.91 (0.88 to 0.93) p < 0.001 | 0.62 (0.58 to 0.66) p < 0.001 | 0.97 (0.92 to 1.01) p = 0.16 | 1.01 (0.96 to 1.05) p = 0.76 | 0.92 (0.89 to 0.95) p < 0.001 | 0.80 (0.74 to 0.86) p < 0.001 | 1.11 (1.05 to 1.16) p < 0.001 | 0.85 (0.81 to 0.89) p < 0.001 | 0.89 (0.86 to 0.92) p < 0.001 | 0.77 (0.71 to 0.83) p < 0.001 | 1.03 (0.98 to 1.08) p = 0.27 | 0.83 (0.79 to 0.87) p < 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 29,836 (10.86) | 12,028 (17.49) | 2,942 (19.58) | 4,289 (17.56) | 4,797 (16.35) | 1.74 (1.70 to 1.78) p < 0.001 | 2.00 (1.92 to 2.08) p < 0.001 | 1.75 (1.69 to 1.81) p < 0.001 | 1.60 (1.55 to 1.66) p < 0.001 | 1.81 (1.77 to 1.86) p < 0.001 | 2.11 (2.02 to 2.21) p < 0.001 | 2.05 (1.98 to 2.13) p < 0.001 | 1.50 (1.45 to 1.56) p < 0.001 | 1.47 (1.43 to 1.51) p < 0.001 | 1.66 (1.59 to 1.74) p < 0.001 | 1.51 (1.45 to 1.57) p < 0.001 | 1.34 (1.30 to 1.39) p < 0.001 |
| Hypothyroidism | 13,229 (4.82) | 5,468 (7.95) | 794 (5.28) | 2,667 (10.92) | 2,007 (6.84) | 1.71 (1.65 to 1.76) p < 0.001 | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.19) p = 0.009 | 2.42 (2.32 to 2.53) p < 0.001 | 1.45 (1.38 to 1.52) p < 0.001 | 1.80 (1.74 to 1.87) p < 0.001 | 1.50 (1.39 to 1.62) p < 0.001 | 2.58 (2.47 to 2.71) p < 0.001 | 1.35 (1.28 to 1.42) p < 0.001 | 1.68 (1.62 to 1.74) p < 0.001 | 1.39 (1.28 to 1.50) p < 0.001 | 2.28 (2.17 to 2.39) p < 0.001 | 1.32 (1.25 to 1.39) p < 0.001 |
| Liver disease | 4,061 (1.48) | 1,973 (2.87) | 460 (3.06) | 588 (2.41) | 925 (3.15) | 1.97 (1.86 to 2.08) p < 0.001 | 2.10 (1.91 to 2.32) p < 0.001 | 1.64 (1.51 to 1.79) p < 0.001 | 2.17 (2.02 to 2.33) p < 0.001 | 1.95 (1.85 to 2.06) p < 0.001 | 1.98 (1.80 to 2.19) p < 0.001 | 1.74 (1.60 to 1.90) p < 0.001 | 2.09 (1.95 to 2.25) p < 0.001 | 1.07 (1.01 to 1.14) p = 0.02 | 1.10 (0.99 to 1.22) p = 0.08 | 0.98 (0.90 to 1.08) p = 0.74 | 1.12 (1.04 to 1.22) p = 0.004 |
| Renal disease | 18,357 (6.68) | 5,351 (7.78) | 893 (5.94) | 1,949 (7.98) | 2,509 (8.55) | 1.18 (1.14 to 1.22) p < 0.001 | 0.88 (0.82 to 0.95) p < 0.001 | 1.21 (1.15 to 1.27) p < 0.001 | 1.31 (1.25 to 1.36) p < 0.001 | 1.27 (1.23 to 1.32) p < 0.001 | 1.23 (1.14 to 1.33) p < 0.001 | 1.63 (1.55 to 1.72) p < 0.001 | 1.07 (1.02 to 1.13) p = 0.004 | 1.20 (1.16 to 1.25) p < 0.001 | 1.17 (1.08 to 1.26) p < 0.001 | 1.42 (1.34 to 1.50) p < 0.001 | 1.07 (1.02 to 1.13) p = 0.006 |
| Peptic ulcer | 5,758 (2.09) | 1,721 (2.50) | 249 (1.66) | 582 (2.38) | 890 (3.03) | 1.20 (1.14 to 1.27) p < 0.001 | 0.79 (0.70 to 0.90) p < 0.001 | 1.15 (1.05 to 1.25) p = 0.002 | 1.47 (1.37 to 1.58) p < 0.001 | 1.24 (1.17 to 1.31) p < 0.001 | 0.89 (0.78 to 1.02) p = 0.09 | 1.32 (1.21 to 1.45) p < 0.001 | 1.32 (1.23 to 1.43) p < 0.001 | 1.05 (0.99 to 1.12) p = 0.07 | 0.74 (0.65 to 0.84) p < 0.001 | 1.10 (1.01 to 1.20) p = 0.03 | 1.16 (1.07 to 1.25) p < 0.001 |
| Rheumatic/collagen diseases | 7,562 (2.75) | 1,835 (2.67) | 231 (1.54) | 708 (2.90) | 896 (3.05) | 0.97 (0.92 to 1.02) p = 0.22 | 0.55 (0.48 to 0.63) p < 0.001 | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.14) p = 0.18 | 1.11 (1.04 to 1.19) p = 0.003 | 0.98 (0.93 to 1.04) p = 0.56 | 0.71 (0.62 to 0.81) p < 0.001 | 1.15 (1.06 to 1.24) p < 0.001 | 0.97 (0.91 to 1.05) p = 0.46 | 0.94 (0.89 to 0.99) p = 0.02 | 0.67 (0.59 to 0.77) p < 0.001 | 1.05 (0.97 to 1.14) p = 0.22 | 0.96 (0.89 to 1.03) p = 0.25 |
| Paresis/paralysis | 1,246 (0.45) | 608 (0.88) | 92 (0.61) | 221 (0.90) | 295 (1.01) | 1.96 (1.78 to 2.16) p < 0.001 | 1.35 (1.09 to 1.67) p = 0.005 | 2.00 (1.74 to 2.31) p < 0.001 | 2.23 (1.96 to 2.53) p < 0.001 | 1.96 (1.78 to 2.17) p < 0.001 | 1.43 (1.15 to 1.76) p = 0.01 | 2.04 (1.76 to 2.35) p < 0.001 | 2.16 (1.90 to 2.46) p < 0.001 | 1.91 (1.73 to 2.12) p < 0.001 | 1.38 (1.11 to 1.72) p = 0.003 | 1.96 (1.69 to 2.27) p < 0.001 | 2.13 (1.86 to 2.42) p < 0.001 |
| HIV | 1,769 (0.64) | 752 (1.09) | 117 (0.78) | 299 (1.22) | 336 (1.15) | 1.71 (1.57 to 1.86) p < 0.001 | 1.21 (1.00 to 1.46) p = 0.05 | 1.91 (1.69 to 2.16) p < 0.001 | 1.79 (1.59 to 2.01) p < 0.001 | 1.66 (1.52 to 1.81) p < 0.001 | 1.14 (0.94 to 1.38) p = 0.18 | 1.82 (1.61 to 2.07) p < 0.001 | 1.79 (1.59 to 2.02) p < 0.001 | 1.25 (1.14 to 1.37) p < 0.001 | 0.85 (0.70 to 1.03) p = 0.10 | 1.38 (1.21 to 1.57) p < 0.001 | 1.34 (1.19 to 1.52) p < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 56,327 (20.51) | 13,954 (20.29) | 2,494 (16.60) | 5,040 (20.64) | 6,420 (21.89) | 0.99 (0.97 to 1.01) p = 0.20 | 0.77 (0.74 to 0.81) p < 0.001 | 1.01 (0.98 to 1.04) p = 0.62 | 1.09 (1.05 to 1.12) p < 0.001 | 0.99 (0.96 to 1.01) p = 0.29 | 0.88 (0.83 to 0.92) p < 0.001 | 1.17 (1.13 to 1.21) p < 0.001 | 0.90 (0.87 to 0.94) p < 0.001 | 0.80 (0.78 to 0.82) p < 0.001 | 0.70 (0.66 to 0.74) p < 0.001 | 0.85 (0.82 to 0.88) p < 0.001 | 0.80 (0.78 to 0.83) p < 0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 5,502 (2.00) | 1,473 (2.14) | 224 (1.49) | 503 (2.06) | 746 (2.54) | 1.07 (1.01 to 1.13) p = 0.02 | 0.74 (0.65 to 0.85) p < 0.001 | 1.03 (0.94 to 1.13) p = 0.55 | 1.28 (1.18 to 1.38) p < 0.001 | 1.13 (1.06 to 1.20) p < 0.001 | 0.96 (0.84 to 1.10) p = 0.58 | 1.29 (1.17 to 1.42) p < 0.001 | 1.09 (1.01 to 1.18) p = 0.04 | 0.98 (0.92 to 1.04) p = 0.54 | 0.80 (0.69 to 0.91) p = 0.001 | 1.07 (0.97 to 1.18) p = 0.18 | 0.99 (0.92 to 1.08) p = 0.90 |
| Pulmonary circulation disorders | 2,842 (1.03) | 1,050 (1.53) | 172 (1.14) | 383 (1.57) | 495 (1.69) | 1.48 (1.38 to 1.59) p < 0.001 | 1.11 (0.95 to 1.29) p = 0.20 | 1.52 (1.37 to 1.70) p < 0.001 | 1.64 (1.49 to 1.81) p < 0.001 | 1.52 (1.41 to 1.63) p < 0.001 | 1.39 (1.19 to 1.62) p < 0.001 | 1.70 (1.53 to 1.90) p < 0.001 | 1.45 (1.31 to 1.60) p < 0.001 | 1.32 (1.22 to 1.42) p < 0.001 | 1.19 (1.01 to 1.39) p = 0.04 | 1.38 (1.23 to 1.54) p < 0.001 | 1.33 (1.20 to 1.46) p < 0.001 |
| Valvular disease | 4,908 (1.79) | 1,130 (1.64) | 153 (1.02) | 381 (1.56) | 596 (2.03) | 0.92 (0.86 to 0.98) p = 0.01 | 0.57 (0.48 to 0.66) p < 0.001 | 0.87 (0.78 to 0.97) p = 0.01 | 1.14 (1.05 to 1.24) p = 0.003 | 0.94 (0.88 to 1.01) p = 0.08 | 0.73 (0.62 to 0.85) p < 0.001 | 1.03 (0.93 to 1.15) p = 0.59 | 0.97 (0.88 to 1.05) p = 0.44 | 0.91 (0.85 to 0.97) p = 0.004 | 0.70 (0.59 to 0.83) p < 0.001 | 0.95 (0.85 to 1.05) p = 0.31 | 0.95 (0.87 to 1.04) p = 0.27 |
| Deficiency anaemia | 14,320 (5.21) | 4,786 (6.96) | 891 (5.93) | 1,693 (6.93) | 2,202 (7.51) | 1.36 (1.31 to 1.41) p < 0.001 | 1.15 (1.07 to 1.23) p < 0.001 | 1.35 (1.29 to 1.43) p < 0.001 | 1.48 (1.41 to 1.55) p < 0.001 | 1.37 (1.32 to 1.41) p < 0.001 | 1.33 (1.24 to 1.43) p < 0.001 | 1.38 (1.31 to 1.46) p < 0.001 | 1.37 (1.30 to 1.44) p < 0.001 | 1.30 (1.25 to 1.34) p < 0.001 | 1.27 (1.18 to 1.36) p < 0.001 | 1.27 (1.20 to 1.34) p < 0.001 | 1.33 (1.27 to 1.40) p < 0.001 |
| Blood loss anaemia | 185 (0.07) | 43 (0.06) | 11 (0.07) | 14 (0.06) | 18 (0.06) | 0.93 (0.67 to 1.29) p = 0.66 | 1.09 (0.59 to 2.00) p = 0.79 | 0.85 (0.49 to 1.47) p = 0.56 | 0.91 (0.56 to 1.48) p = 0.71 | 0.89 (0.64 to 1.25) p = 0.51 | 1.17 (0.63 to 2.16) p = 0.62 | 0.87 (0.50 to 1.50) p = 0.62 | 0.80 (0.49 to 1.29) p = 0.36 | 0.86 (0.62 to 1.21) p = 0.40 | 1.11 (0.60 to 2.06) p = 0.74 | 0.82 (0.47 to 1.42) p = 0.48 | 0.79 (0.49 to 1.29) p = 0.35 |
| Coagulopathy | 1,795 (0.65) | 614 (0.89) | 100 (0.67) | 224 (0.92) | 290 (0.99) | 1.37 (1.25 to 1.50) p < 0.001 | 1.02 (0.83 to 1.25) p = 0.86 | 1.41 (1.22 to 1.62) p < 0.001 | 1.52 (1.34 to 1.72) p < 0.001 | 1.37 (1.25 to 1.50) p < 0.001 | 1.07 (0.87 to 1.31) p = 0.51 | 1.47 (1.28 to 1.69) p < 0.001 | 1.43 (1.26 to 1.62) p < 0.001 | 1.16 (1.06 to 1.28) p = 0.002 | 0.91 (0.74 to 1.12) p = 0.38 | 1.21 (1.05 to 1.39) p = 0.01 | 1.25 (1.10 to 1.42) p < 0.001 |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorders | 5,341 (1.94) | 2,309 (3.36) | 355 (2.36) | 863 (3.53) | 1,091 (3.72) | 1.75 (1.67 to 1.84) p < 0.001 | 1.22 (1.09 to 1.36) p < 0.001 | 1.85 (1.72 to 1.99) p < 0.001 | 1.95 (1.82 to 2.08) p < 0.001 | 1.85 (1.76 to 1.95) p < 0.001 | 1.59 (1.42 to 1.77) p < 0.001 | 2.28 (2.11 to 2.46) p < 0.001 | 1.68 (1.57 to 1.80) p < 0.001 | 1.63 (1.54 to 1.71) p < 0.001 | 1.39 (1.24 to 1.56) p < 0.001 | 1.89 (1.75 to 2.04) p < 0.001 | 1.54 (1.44 to 1.65) p < 0.001 |
aDemographic-adjusted: adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and region.
bDemographic and risk adjusted: adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and region and, additionally, for smoking status, BMI category, alcohol misuse, and drug misuse.
cSchizophrenia.
aOR, adjusted odds ratio; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; OR, odds ratio; SMI, severe mental illness.