Table 1.

Common cellular senescence models and nutritional interventions.

Cell type	Cell line	Induction methods	Inhibitor	Type of inhibitor	Sources (nutritional)	Molecular target(s) (major)	Read-out results	References
Epithelial cells	HUVEC	Ang II	TFs	Polyphenols	Carya cathayensis Sarg	SIRT1↑, miR-34a↓, p53↓, p21↓, PAI-1↓	SA-β-GAL positive cells↓, G0/G1 cell cycle↓, S cell cycle↑	[[152]]
	HUVEC	D-galactose	Mulberry extract, C-3-R, C-3-G	Mixture	Mulberry	p21↓, p16↓, NAD+/NADH↑, SIRT1↑	SA-β-GAL positive cells↓,ROS↓	[[153]]
	HUVEC	Doxorubicin; replicative	bCUR; Polydatin; BCP	Polyphenol; semiterpenoids	Curcuma aromatica Salisb lemon; grapefruit	SIRT1↑, miR-146a↓, miR-21↓, p16ink4a↓, IL-6↓	SA-β-GAL positive cells↓,SASP↓	[[117]]
	HUVEC	HG	α-Mangostin	Flavonoid derivatives	Mangosteen	IL-6↓, SIRT1↑, AMPK↑, p-AMPK↑, p53↓, p21↓	SA-β-GAL positive cells↓,ROS↓	[[154]]
	HUVEC	HG	Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem	Mixture	Aralia elata	p-ERk↑,p-p38↑, cdc2↓,p53↓, cyclinB1↓, SIRT1↑,p-AKT↑, p-AMPK↑, p-eNOS↑	SA-β-GAL positive cells↓, G0/G1 cell cycle↓	[[155]]
	HUVEC	H2O2	TSG	Glycosides	Polygonum multiflorum	SIRT1↑, p21↓, PAI-1↓	SA-β-GAL positive cells↓, cell cycle arrest↓	[[156]]
	HUVEC	H2O2	Curcumin	Polyphenol	Curcuma aromatica Salisb., C. longa L	SIRT1↑, p21↓	SA-β-GAL positive cells↓, Cell proliferation↑	[[116]]
	HUVEC	H2O2	CGA	Phenylpropanoids	Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Lonicera dasytyla Rehd.	Nrf2↑, HO-1↓, SIRT1↑, PAI-1↓, p21↓, p53↓	SA-β-GAL positive cells↓, Cell proliferation↑, DNA damage↓	[[157]]
	HUVEC	H2O2	Resveratrol	Polyphenols	Grapes, knotweed, peanuts	p-Rb↑, LC3↑, p62↑	SA-β-GAL positive cells↓,ROS↓	[[158]]
	HUVEC	Ox-LDL	gRb1	Saponin	Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. P. quinqu efolium L.	SIRT1↑, p62↓, LC3II/LC3I↑, PAI1↓	SA-β-GAL positive cells↓, G0/G1 cell cycle↓	[[159]]
	HUVEC	TNF-α	Salicin	Organic acid	Willow, Gaultheria, sweet birch	p21↓, PAI-1↓, Acety-p53↓, Nrf2↑	SA-β-GAL positive cells↓, cell cycle arrest↓	[[160]]
	HUVEC	Radiation	Quercetin	Flavonoids	Buckwheat, sea buckthorn, hawthorn, onion	PAI-2↓, p21↓, BCL-xL↓, p16↓	SA-β-GAL positive cells↓	[[115]]
	HAEC	Ox-LDL	Quercetin	Flavonoids	Buckwheat, sea buckthorn, hawthorn, onion	IGFBP3↓, SLC5A11↑, EIF41B↓	SA-β-GAL positive cells↓, ROS↓	[[161]]
	RAEC	HG; PA	GSC extracts	Mixture	Ginseng; San-Qi; Chuan-Xiong	Parkin↑; p21↓, p16↓, p62↓, AMPK↑	MtROS↓, Mitosis↑	[[118]]
	HaCaT	UVA	G6	Polysaccharides	Ascophyllum nodosum	SIRT1↑, pGC1a↑, NRF1↑, NRF2↑, ERRa↑	Respiratory chain complex activities↑, ATP content↑, NAD+/NADH ratio↑	[[162]]
	HaCaT	UVB	SH extracts	Mixture	Salvia haenkei	p21↓, p27↓, IL6↓, IL18↓, SIRT1↑, MMP-2↓	ROS↓	[[163]]
	HaCaT	UVB	SS stem extracts	Mixture	Spatholobus suberectus	p-p38↓, p38↑, ERK1/2↑, p-ERK1/2↓, NF-κB↓	ROS↓, Cell damage↓	[[164]]
Fibroblasts	HDFs	UV	Curcumin	Polyphenols	C. aromatica Salisb., C.longa L	TGF-β↑, Smad2/3↑, Bcl-2↑, MMP-1↓, MMP-3↓, caspase-3↓, NF-κB↓, GRP78↓, CHOP↓	ROS↓, activity of antioxidant defense enzymes↑	[[165]]
	HDFs	UVB	Extracts	Mixture	S. aromaticum L.	MMP-1↓, p-c-jun↓, p-c-fos↓ NF-κB↓, IκB-α↑, NQO-1↑	ROS↓, Cell viability↑	[[166]]
	HDFs	H2O2	Vitamin C	Vitamin	Tomatoes, cauliflower, citrus, Grapefruit, apples, grapes	FoxO3a↑, SIRT1↑, p-Rb↓, p53↓, p21↓, p16↓	SA-β-GAL positive cells↓, Collagen↑, Elastic fiber↑	[[167]]
	3T3	H2O2	KF-8	Peptide	Rice bran	Nrf2↑, p65↓	ROS↓	[[124]]
	Fibroblasts	UVB	GL-PS	Polysaccharides	Ganoderma lucidum	MMP-1↓, CICP↑	SA-β-GAL positive cells↓, Cell viability↑	[[168]]
	WI-38	CuSO4	Resveratrol	Polyphenols	Grapes, knotweed, peanuts	SIRT1↑, p21↓, TGF-β↑, ApoJ↓	SA-β-GAL positive cells↓, Cell proliferation↑	[[169]]
	2BS	Replicative	Salidroside	Phenyl alcohol	Rhodiola rosea L	PGC-1α↑, Nrf1↑, TFAM↑, SIRT1↑, p53↓, p21↓, p16↓, Rb↓	mitochondrial dysfunction↓, ROS↓	[[170]]
	2BS; WI-38	Replicative; H2O2	Berberine	Alkaloids	Coptis chinensis Franch.	p16↓, CDK4↑, cyclinD1↑, p-RB↑, E2F-1↑, SIRT1↑, p-Chk2↑	SA-β-GAL positive cells↓, G0/G1 cell cycle↓, S/G2-M phase↑, ROS↓	[171, 172]
Myocyte	NRCMs	Hypoxia; LPS	Resveratrol	Polyphenols	Grapes, knotweed, peanuts	p53↓, SIRT1↑, p16↓, p19↓, c-Casepase3↓, Bax↓, NLRP3↓	SA-β-GAL positive cells↓	[[173]]
Neurocyte	NSCs	D-galactose	ASP	Polysaccharides	Angelica	p53↓, p21↓, TNFα↓	SA-β-GAL positive cells↓, Cell proliferation↑, ROS↓, activity of antioxidant defense enzymes↑	[[174]]
	NSCs	LiCl	gRb1	Saponin	Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. P. quinqu efolium L.	p-Gsk-3β↓, c-myc↓, Lef↓, β-catenin↓	SA-β-GAL positive cells↓, Cell proliferation↑	[[175]]
	PC12	D-galactose	Phlorizin	Flavonoids	Apples	Nrf2↑, HO-1↑, NQO1↑	SA-β-GAL positive cells↓, activity of antioxidant defense enzymes↑	[[176]]
	PC12	H2O2; AAPH	Ethanol extract of P. ternata tubers	Mixture	Pinellia ternata	p53↑, RPS19BP1↓, HuR↓, SIRT1↑, Bax↓, Bcl-2↑	SA-β-GAL positive cells↓, lipofuscin accumulation↓, cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase↓,oxidative damage↓	[[177]]
	Astrocytes	Replicative LPS/MPP+	Astragaloside IV	Saponin	Astragalus	p16ink4a↓, CXCL1↓, IL-6↓, IL-1β↓, MMP3↓, Lamin B1↓, p62↓	SA-β-GAL positive cells↓, accumulation of senescent astrocytes↓, MtROS↓	[[178]]
Cartilage	Chondrocytes	CCN1	Tanshinone IIA	Ketones	Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge	CCN1↓, p16ink4a↓, p21↓, IL-1β↓, CXCL1↓, MMP3↓, IL-6↓	SASP↓, ROS↓,	[[179]]