Table 3.

Results of the subgroup meta-analyses.

Subgroup analysis	Classification	ES (95%CI)	p
Outcome: muscular strength
Training status	Trained	–0.09 (–0.48 to 0.29)	0.554
	Untrained	–0.08 (–0.22 to 0.06)	0.224
Training volume	Volume equated	0.01 (–0.12 to 0.15)	0.860
	Non-volume equated	–0.32 (–0.57 to –0.07)	0.025
Body region	Lower body	–0.15 (–0.33 to 0.02)	0.079
	Upper body	0.00 (–0.35 to 0.35)	0.985
Strength test exercise	Multi-joint	–0.13 (–0.47 to 0.21)	0.386
	Single-joint	–0.05 (–0.20 to 0.09)	0.405
Study design	Independent groups	–0.12 (–0.31 to 0.06)	0.157
	Dependent groups	0.03 (–0.18 to 0.23)	0.709
Outcome: muscle hypertrophy
Training status	Trained	0.15 (0.03 to 0.26)	0.039
	Untrained	0.23 (–0.25 to 0.71)	0.244
Training volume	Volume equated	0.15 (–0.15 to 0.45)	0.237
	Non-volume equated	0.36 (–0.52 to 1.23)	0.218
Body region	Lower body	0.07 (–0.11 to 0.26)	0.323
	Upper body	0.41 (–0.83 to 1.65)	0.220
Study design	Independent groups	0.36 (–0.27 to 0.99)	0.147
	Dependent groups	0.03 (–0.33 to 0.38)	0.773

Note: Negative values denote favoring of non-failure training and positive values indicate favoring of training to muscle failure.

Abbreviations: 95%CI = 95% confidence interval; ES = effect size.