Fig. 2.

NSAIDs such as Carprofen (including the carbazole scaffold in the centre) demonstrating both anti-infective and anti-inflammatory properties. A) Cyclooxygenase inhibition in eukaryotes (Chandrasekharan and Simmons, 2004); B) mediation of non-productive inflammation in the lungs (Ravimohan et al., 2018, Malherbe et al., 2016); C) RHO-GTPase is a target of NSAIDs in eukaryotes, the homologue in M. tuberculosis is Translation initiation factor 2 protein, InfB (Rv2839c) in prokaryotes (Guzman et al., 2013); D) membrane potential disruption (Maitra et al., 2020); E) Efflux pump inhibition (Maitra et al., 2020); F) sliding clamp inhibition in E. coli (adapted from Yin et al., 2014); G) biofilm inhibition (Maitra et al., 2020).