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. 2022 May 4;12:7286. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-11042-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Distribution of malaria antigen concentrations in malaria patients and controls. Scatter plots of the concentration of histidine-rich protein-2 (a), P. falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (Pf-LDH) (b), P. vivax LDH (Pv-LDH) (c), Pan Plasmodium LDH (Pan-LDH) (d) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (e) were determined in plasma and whole blood samples. Refer to Table 1 for sample sizes. Non-cognate species in A correspond to Pv, P. knowlesi (Pk), P. malariae (Pm) and P. ovale (Po; plasma only); and in C correspond to Pf, Pm and Po. Antigen concentrations were log transformed. Individual datapoints with median and interquartile-range shown. The Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparison was used in (a)–(c), and the Man-Whitney test in (d) and (e). A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.