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Time evolution of the in vitro skin flow of permeated curcumin from the gel formulations integrating variable amounts of CAGE-IL and curcumin at (a) 1.0% (w/w), (b) 1.5% (w/w), and (c) 2.0% (w/w). Nonlinear fittings of the lognormal model are depicted by solid lines. All values represent the mean of three experiments, and the error bars represent the standard deviations.
