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. 2022 May 4;12:7213. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-11282-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The schematic diagram of material preparation and application shows an overview of the present study. In the first step, biophysical and structural studies on fibrinogen protein in the presence and absence of alginate polymer were performed using fluorescence spectroscopy, Circular dichroism spectroscopy and Thermal UV–Vis spectroscopy. In the second step, the hydrogel was prepared and characterized through visual evaluation and scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, swelling ratio, mechanical study, in vitro nisin release, encapsulation efficiency, cytotoxicity assay, antibacterial activity assay, and blood coagulation assay. Finally, animal studies were performed. The optimized hydrogel was placed on rats skins wound, and the wound healing process was observed over 19 days. (Designed by Photoshop CC 2022; http://www.adobe.com/products/photoshop.html).