TABLE 2.
Fully adjusted multivariable analyses of baseline social health and baseline cognitive function in men
| 3MS |
COWAT |
SDMT |
HVLT-R delayed recall |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | β | 95% CI | p Value | Mean ± SD | β | 95% CI | p Value | Mean ± SD | β | 95% CI | p Value | Mean ± SD | β | 95% CI | p Value | |
| 93.1 ± 4.5 | 11.8 ± 4.6 | 36.4 ± 9.7 | 7.4 ± 2.8 | |||||||||||||
| Socially isolated (vs. not) | 92.9 ± 4.6 | 0.14 | (−0.59, 0.86) | 0.71+ | 11.7 ± 4.6 | 0.24 | (−0.51, 0.99) | 0.53+ | 33.8 ± 8.8 | −1.79 | (−3.28, −0.30) | 0.02 | 7.2 ± 3.0 | 0.02 | (−0.44, 0.48) | 0.94+ |
| Low social support (vs. not) | 93.0 ± 4.5 | 0.32 | (−0.45, 1.09) | 0.41+ | 11.2 ± 4.5 | −0.34 | (−1.13, 0.46) | 0.40 | 36.0 ± 8.9 | 0.54 | (−1.06, 2.14) | 0.51+ | 6.9 ± 2.8 | −0.29 | (−0.77, 0.20) | 0.25 |
| Lonely (vs. not) | 92.4 ± 4.4 | −0.09 | (−0.70, 0.52) | 0.78 | 11.3 ± 4.1 | −0.33 | (−0.96, 0.30) | 0.31 | 34.3 ± 9.0 | −0.35 | (−1.60, 0.91) | 0.59 | 6.9 ± 2.9 | −0.17 | (−0.55, 0.22) | 0.40 |
| Mutually adjusted | ||||||||||||||||
| Socially isolated (vs. not) | 0.07 | (−0.68, 0.82) | 0.86 | 0.35 | (−0.42, 1.12) | 0.37+ | −2.03 | (−3.56, −0.49) | 0.01 | 0.10 | (−0.38, 0.57) | 0.69 | ||||
| Low social support (vs. not) | 0.31 | (−0.49, 1.10) | 0.45+ | −0.42 | (−1.24, 0.40) | 0.31 | 1.08 | (−0.57, 2.73) | 0.20+ | −0.31 | (−0.81, 0.19) | 0.23 | ||||
| Lonely (vs. not) | −0.09 | (−0.70, 0.52) | 0.77 | −0.33 | (−0.96, 0.30) | 0.30 | −0.30 | (−1.56, 0.95) | 0.64 | −0.17 | (−0.55, 0.22) | 0.40 | ||||
| Composite social health | ||||||||||||||||
| Positive | 93.1 ± 4.5 | Reference | 11.8 ± 4.6 | Reference | 36.6 ± 9.7 | Reference | 7.4 ± 2.8 | Reference | ||||||||
| Discordanta | 93.0 ± 4.6 | 0.24 | (−0.36, 0.83) | 0.44+ | 11.2 ± 4.4 | −0.40 | (−1.02, 0.21) | 0.20 | 34.7 ± 9.0 | −0.98 | (−2.22, 0.25) | 0.12 | 7.2 ± 2.9 | −0.07 | (−0.45, 0.31) | 0.71+ |
| Lonely | 92.4 ± 4.4 | −0.07 | (−0.68, 0.54) | 0.81 | 11.3 ± 4.1 | −0.35 | (−0.98, 0.28) | 0.27 | 34.3 ± 9.0 | −0.40 | (−1.66, 0.85) | 0.53 | 6.9 ± 2.9 | −0.17 | (−0.56, 0.22) | 0.39 |
Note: Adjusted for age (continuous), gender, level of education (≤12 or >12 years), place of birth (Australia or not Australia), BMI (continuous) and CES-D score (<8 or ≥8).
+
signifies a statistically significant (p < 0.05) gender interaction.
Abbreviations: 3MS, Modified Mini-Mental State Examination; CI, confidence interval; COWAT, Controlled Oral Word Association Test; HVLT-R, Hopkin’s Verbal Learning Test–Revised; SD, standard deviation; SDMT, Symbol-Digit Modalities Test; β, coefficient.
a
Discordant Social Health = socially isolated and/or low social support, but not lonely.