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. 2021 Dec 15;38(4):342–358. doi: 10.1007/s12264-021-00800-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Chronic pancreatitis induced by TNBS elicits abdominal hyperalgesia and anxiety-like behaviors in rats. A, B Representative H&E-stained histological sections of the pancreas on POD 28 in sham and TNBS-treated rats (scale bar, 100 μm). C TNBS-treated rats show a decreased abdomen withdrawal threshold during the course of CP compared to sham rats, while sham rats exhibit transient abdomen mechanical hypersensitivity that returns to baseline on POD 14 (n = 7 rats per group; **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, TNBS vs sham; ^##P < 0.01, sham vs naïve, one-way repeated ANOVA). D, E CP rats travel shorter distances (D) from POD 3 to 28 and travel less distance in the center area (E) from POD 7 to 28 in the open field test than sham rats. F, G CP rats exhibit fewer crossings (F) and less time in the open arms (G) in the high elevated maze test than sham rats from POD 3 to 28 (n = 7 per group; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, TNBS vs sham, unpaired t-test). H CP rats lose body weight during the course of CP compared to sham rats, while sham rats show a transient weight loss from POD 3 to 7 which returns to baseline after POD 14 (n = 7 per group; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, TNBS vs sham; ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, sham vs naïve, one-way repeated ANOVA). I CP rats exhibit no significant change in hindpaw withdrawal threshold compared with the sham group (P > 0.05, n = 7 per group, one-way repeated ANOVA). J, K No change in falling latency between CP and sham rats in the rotarod test (J), while CP rats exhibited a prolonged immobility time in the forced swimming test from POD 14 to 28 (K) (n = 7 per group; **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, TNBS vs sham, unpaired t-test). AWT, abdomen withdrawal threshold; PWT, paw withdrawal threshold; TNBS, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid.