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. 2022 May 4;12:7287. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10797-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Shadowgraphy images for different pump-probe delays at $5.4 \times 10^{21} {W/cm}^{2}$ pump laser intensity. The temporal resolution of the time delay scan is $175 fs$ . The pump and probe laser settings are equivalent for all images. For better visibility of the onset of target ionization (indicated between the horizontal white bars) and the subsequent plasma expansion dynamics, the color scale is different in both rows.