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. 2022 Apr 21;13:838990. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.838990

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Copyright © 2022 Zhang, Gao, Zhang, Xiong, Cao, Fu and Cui

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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JEV infection upregulates M-CSF, IL-6, and IFN-γ to induce CD3⁺ macrophage differentiation. (A) Flow cytometry gating strategy for CD3⁺ macrophages. (B) Representative scatter plots and (C) bar chart show that L929 conditioned medium containing IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-γ significantly induced CD3⁺ macrophage differentiation in an ex vivo induction system at 4 days after stimulation (n = 4). (D) Expression of the M-CSF, IL-2, IL-6, IFN-γ, and prolactin mRNAs was determined using real-time PCR 4 days after infection (n = 4). Representative results of repeated experiments are shown. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001.