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. 2022 May 5;42(6):1111–1129. doi: 10.1007/s10875-022-01252-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Prevalence of AABs against IFN-α2 and IFN-ω in patients with COVID-19. a ECLIA-based assay for detection of IgG AABs against IFN-α2 and IFN-ω in sera from hospitalized patients with COVID-19 from four different university hospital cohorts (Center A, n = 266; Center B, n = 50; Center C, n = 87; Center D, n = 27), in patients with APS-1 (n = 6), and healthy health care workers (HC) without documented SARS-CoV-2 infection (n = 667). Dotted lines indicate the 97.5th percentile of the ECLIA assay LSC in sera from the HC cohort. Dots indicate samples containing AABs scoring specific (red) or unspecific (blue) for IFN-α2 and IFN-ω binding in the competition assay (see b), respectively. Samples depicted as black dots were not tested in the competition assay. The prevalence of sera with specifically binding type I IFN-AABs in each cohort is given in percent. b Specificity of the ECLIA assay signal for IFN-α2- and IFN-ω-AABs was tested in an competition assay by preincubation of sera with increasing concentrations of unlabeled IFN-α2 and IFN-ω protein (0–2.5 µg/ml) before analysis. Samples showing a decrease in assay signal by at least 75% in the presence of the highest competitor concentration were defined as specific for type I IFN antibody reactivity and are indicated with red lines (IFN-α2 n = 20, IFN-ω n = 12). Samples showing no decrease in the presence of excess unlabeled type I IFN protein were regarded as unspecific for type I IFN antibody reactivity and are indicated with blue lines (IFN-α2 n = 62, IFN-ω n = 39)