TABLE 5.
Pooled Regression Coefficients from Multivariate Models Predicting Scores on Neurocognitive Tests
| Neurocognitive Tests | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DWRT | TMT Part A | Animal Naming | MMSE | |||||||||
| Predictors | B (SE) | 95% CI (B) | β | B (SE) | 95% CI (B) | β | B (SE) | 95% CI (B) | β | B (SE) | 95% CI (B) | β |
| Sociodemographics and smoking history | ||||||||||||
| Age, y | −0.13a (0.02) | [−0.16 to −0.09] | −0.40a | 1.01b (0.29) | [0.43 to 1.59] | 0.21b | −0.25a (0.056) | [−0.36 to −0.14] | −0.29a | – | – | – |
| Male | −1.10a (0.23) | [−1.56 to −0.64] | −0.31a | – | – | – | – | – | – | −1.70a (0.37) | [−2.44 to −0.96] | −0.30a |
| Black race | – | – | – | 23.88a (4.02) | [15.94 to 31.82] | 0.38a | −2.96a (0.74) | [−4.41 to −1.50] | −0.27a | −2.26a (0.38) | [−3.01 to −1.51] | −0.35a |
| High school graduate | – | – | – | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Less than high school | – | – | – | 10.28c (4.28) | [1.84 to 18.72] | 0.16c | −1.48 (0.83) | [−3.12 to 0.17] | −0.13 | −1.52a (0.42) | [−2.35 to −0.70] | −0.23a |
| Vocational school | – | – | – | −4.20 (6.38) | [−16.75 to 8.35] | −0.04 | −0.04 (1.26) | [−2.52 to 2.44] | −0.002 | 0.50 (0.66) | [−0.81 to 1.81] | 0.05 |
| College/graduate school/professional school | – | – | – | −6.60 (3.89) | [−14.26 to 1.12] | −0.12 | 1.59c (0.75) | [0.11 to 3.07] | 0.16c | 0.92c (0.38) | [0.17 to 1.68] | 0.15c |
| Never smoked | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Former smoker | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.45 (0.38) | [−0.29 to 1.19] | 0.08 |
| Current smoker | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −0.42 (0.83) | [−2.07 to 1.22] | −0.03 |
| Unknown/unable to categorize smoking history | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −1.32c (0.57) | [−2.44 to −0.19] | −0.14c |
| Comorbid illnesses and medications | ||||||||||||
| Hypertension | −0.69c (0.34) | [−1.36 to −0.03] | −0.13c | – | – | – | – | – | – | −0.03 (0.52) | [−1.05 to 1.00] | −0.003 |
| Anemia | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −0.21 (0.34) | [−0.88 to 0.46] | −0.04 |
| CES-D | – | – | – | 1.61b (0.47) | [0.68 to 2.54] | 0.21b | −0.08 (0.09) | [−0.25 to 0.09] | −0.06 | −0.13b (0.04) | [−0.22 to −0.05] | −0.18b |
| β-blocker | −0.25 (0.24) | [−0.72 to 0.23] | −0.06 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Measures of diastolic function | ||||||||||||
| LVMI, g/m2 | −0.006 (0.004) | [−0.016 to 0.003] | −0.095 | 0.17c (0.07) | [0.02 to 0.31] | 0.17c | – | – | – | −0.01 (0.01) | [−0.02 to 0.004] | −0.08 |
| E/A ratio | – | – | – | 1.86 (4.31) | [−6.65 to 10.37] | 0.03 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| E wave deceleration time, ms | −0.004c (0.002) | [−0.007 to −0.0002] | −0.125c | 0.05 (0.03) | [−0.004 to 0.112] | 0.12 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| E/E’, cm/s | – | – | – | – | – | – | −0.12c (0.05) | [−0.21 to −0.02] | −0.16c | – | – | – |
| Measures of cardiac hemodynamics | ||||||||||||
| LVEF, % | – | – | – | 0.40 (0.26) | [−0.12 to 0.91] | 0.09 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| SVI, mL/m2 per beat | 0.004 (0.016) | [−0.028 to 0.035] | 0.016 | −0.47 (0.39) | [−1.25 to 0.30] | −0.14 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Cardiac Index, L/min | – | – | – | 12.30 (5.7) | [1.06 to 23.53] | 0.25c | – | – | – | 0.0002 (0.0002) | [−0.0001 to 0.0005] | 0.09 |
| Longitudinal strain, % | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −0.06 (0.07) | [−0.19 to 0.07] | −0.06 |
| Ea/Ees | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −0.80 (0.84) | [−2.44 to 0.85] | −0.06 |
| Constant | 17.47a (1.56) | 122.29a (30.57) | 40.28a (4.60) | 30.75a (1.77) | ||||||||
| Observations | 200 | 190 | 201 | 204 | ||||||||
| R 2 | 0.344 | 0.402 | 0.231 | 0.459 | ||||||||
| Adjusted R2 | 0.321 | 0.362 | 0.203 | 0.416 | ||||||||
Multivariate models included predictors that demonstrated significant bivariate associations with scores on the given neurocognitive test. Hyphens indicate that the variable was not included in the multivariate model for the given neurocognitive test because of lack of a significant bivariate association. Significant associations in multivariate models are in bold.
Abbreviations: A, peak atrial transmitral filling velocity; B, unstandardized regression coefficient; β, standardized regression coefficient; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CI, confidence interval; DWRT, delayed word recall test; E, early transmitral filling velocity; E’, tissue velocity of mitral annulus; Ea, arterial elastance; Ees, end-systolic elastance; LV, left ventricular; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; Ref, reference category; SE, standard error; SVI, stroke volume index; TMT, trail making test.
P < .001.
P < .01.
P < .05.