Table 1.
Applications of bioinspired membrane-based nanomodulator.
| Sources | Application | Diseases | Key molecules | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neutrophil | Cytokines neutralization | RA | IL-1R; TNF-αR | 14 |
| HUVECs-TRAIL | Active targeting; drug delivery; cytokines neutralization | RA | TRAIL; DR5; IL-1R; TNF-αR | 42 |
| RBCs | Autoantibodies neutralization | AIHA; DIA | RBC antibody receptors | 48 |
| Pathological antibodies neutralization | pSS; SLE; autoimmune- thyroiditis | RBC-BCR | 57 | |
| Virus clearance | Influenza | HA; sialic acids | 75 | |
| Toxins neutralization | MRSA infections | α-toxin; wSP | 88,90 | |
| Toxins vaccine | Bacterial infection | PFTs; Hla | 89,96 | |
| MSCs-exosome | Drug delivery | MS | IDO; mRNAs; HSP70 | 30 |
| Platelet | Autoantibodies neutralization | ITP | Antibodies receptors | 49,98 |
| Drug delivery; bacteria binding | Bacterial infection | Vancomycin | 99,100 | |
| T cells | HIV neutralization | HIV/AID | CD4 receptor; CCR4/5 receptors | 68 |
| C6/36 | ZIKV neutralization | ZIKV infection | ZIKV receptors | 78 |
| PHH-hNTCP | HBV neutralization | HBV infection | hNTCP; HBVpreS/2 | 81 |
| THP-1/293T | SARS-CoV-2 neutralization | COVID-19 | ACE2; IL-6R | 67 |
| HEK-293T-L2 | Vaccine; immune activation | HPV | HPV16-L2 | 87 |
| HEK-293T | Drug delivery; sono-immunotherapy | Bacterial infection | TPPS, ROS | 97 |
| Macrophage | Endotoxin/cytokines neutralization | Bacterial infection | Virulence factors | 90,91 |
| Toxins vaccine | Bacterial infection | Anti-Pas IgG | 92,95 | |
| E. coli | Anti-bacterial vaccine | Bacterial infection | CD40; CD80; CD86 | 93,94 |
RA: rheumatoid arthritis; IL-1R: IL-1 receptor; DR5: death receptor 5; AIHA: autoimmune hemolytic anemia; DIA: drug-induced anemia; pSS: Sjögren's syndrome; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; HA: hyaluronic acid; MRSA: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; wSP: whole secreted proteins; PFTs: pore forming toxins; Hla: α-haemolysin; MS: multiple sclerosis; IDO: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; ITP: immune thrombocytopenia purpura; CCR: C-C chemokine receptor; PHH: primary human hepatocytes; hNTCP: human sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide; ACE2: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; HPV: human papillomavirus; TPPS: meso-tetrakis (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin; ROS: reactive oxygen species.