Table 4.
Association of mental health burdens with sociodemographic characteristics
| Variables | Depression | Anxiety | Stress | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
| Age group (years) | ||||||
| 12–14 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 15–17 | 2.30 (1.30–4.06)** | 1.64 (0.82–3.24) | 1.09 (0.62–1.91) | 1.28 (0.69–2.37) | 1.02 (0.56–1.84) | 0.85 (0.40–1.80) |
| 18–20 | 5.86 (2.75–12.49)*** | 0.98 (0.23–4.13) | 2.39 (1.24–4.60)** | 3.08 (1.03–9.23)* | 3.47 (1.77–6.80)*** | 2.54 (0.71–9.03) |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Male | 0.47 (0.29–0.77)** | 0.57 (0.32–1.02) | 0.53 (0.34–0.83)** | 0.59 (0.36–0.96)* | 0.34 (0.21–0.55)*** | 0.47 (0.26–0.82)** |
| Place of residence | ||||||
| Sub-urban or rural | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Urban | 0.53 (0.24–1.16) | 0.91 (0.47–1.77) | 0.76 (0.39–1.48) | |||
| Level of education | ||||||
| 6th to 10th grade | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| College | 3.81 (2.12–6.84)*** | 3.88 (1.20–12.51)* | 1.82 (1.13–2.91)* | 0.74 (0.31–1.75) | 2.66 (1.65–4.29)*** | 0.89 (0.33–2.37) |
| Members in family | ||||||
| ≤ 4 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| > 4 | 0.85 (0.52–1.39) | 0.87 (0.55–1.39) | 1.12 (0.70–1.80) | |||
| Father’s highest education | ||||||
| School | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| College | 3.07 (0.99–9.53) | 1.63 (0.58–4.60) | 1.71 (0.60–4.87) | |||
| Graduate or above | 1.49 (0.63–3.54) | 1.00 (0.42–2.35) | 0.99 (0.41–2.38) | |||
| Mother’s highest education | ||||||
| School | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| College | 1.46 (0.61–3.46) | 0.95 (0.45–2.03) | 1.07 (0.50–2.28) | |||
| Graduate or above | 0.67 (0.33–1.36) | 1.04 (0.54–1.99) | 0.57 (0.30–1.10) | |||
| Father’s occupation | ||||||
| Retired or unemployed | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Public or private service | 0.30 (0.06–1.40) | 1.64 (0.53–5.10) | 0.58 (0.19–1.75) | |||
| Business | 0.27 (0.05–1.32) | 1.54 (0.47–5.03) | 0.77 (0.24–2.42) | |||
| Agriculture | 1 | 0.9 (0.06–12.58) | 0.5 (0.03–6.86) | |||
| Others | 0.54 (0.10–2.81) | 3.48 (1.00–12.15) | 0.88 (0.26–2.90) | |||
| Mother’s occupation | ||||||
| Retired | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| Public or private service | 2.31 (0.79–6.72) | 3.41 (1.10–10.55)* | 3.18 (0.98–10.31) | 2.09 (0.67–6.46) | ||
| Business | 2.79 (0.45–17.38) | 5.19 (0.92–29.26) | 4.69 (0.78–28.02) | 3.25 (0.61–17.28) | ||
| Home-maker | 1.51 (0.57–3.99) | 2.37 (0.81–6.88) | 2.47 (0.81–7.46) | 1.73 (0.59–5.03) | ||
| Others | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Total family income (BDT) | ||||||
| < 20,000 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| 20,000–40,000 | 0.93 (0.34–2.54) | 1 (0.41–2.42) | 0.56 (0.23–1.38) | 0.49 (0.15–1.52) | ||
| 40,001–100,000 | 0.73 (0.28–1.87) | 1.18 (0.51–2.72) | 0.68 (0.29–1.58) | 0.63 (0.21–1.86) | ||
| > 100,000 | 0.57 (0.21–1.52) | 0.64 (0.26–1.58) | 0.36 (0.14–0.90)* | 0.34 (0.10–1.13) | ||
Only the variables with significant p value from bivariate analyses were included in the adjusted analysis
OR odds ratio, AOR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval
p value: < 0.05*; < 0.01**; < 0.001***