Table 2.
Factors associated with current cigarette smoking status among school-going adolescents in Zambia, Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) 2011 (N=2611)
| Factors | OR (95% CI) | p | AOR (95% CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||||
| <14 (Ref.) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 14 | 1.80 (1.11–2.92) | 0.017 | 1.94 (1.05–3.56) | 0.033 |
| 15 | 1.51 (0.92–2.50) | 0.106 | 1.16 (0.61–2.22) | 0.652 |
| 16 | 1.86 (1.12–3.07) | 0.016 | 1.95 (1.02–3.71) | 0.042 |
| ≥17 | 2.86 (1.73–4.73) | <0.001 | 2.48 (1.30–4.71) | 0.006 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male (Ref.) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 0.73 (0.53–0.99) | 0.042 | 0.80 (0.54–1.19) | 0.272 |
| Grade | ||||
| Seven (Ref.) | 1 | |||
| Eight | 1.21 (0.84–1.75) | 0.296 | NA | |
| Nine | 1.15 (0.79–1.69) | 0.467 | ||
| Closest friends smoke cigarettes | ||||
| None (Ref.) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Some | 5.56 (3.87–8.00) | <0.001 | 3.93 (2.51–6.15) | <0.001 |
| Most | 8.56 (5.29–13.83) | <0.001 | 8.35 (4.47–15.59) | <0.001 |
| All | 8.17 (4.62–14.48) | <0.001 | 5.92 (2.72–12.88) | <0.001 |
| Parents smoke | ||||
| None (Ref.) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Both | 8.97 (4.73–17.00) | <0.001 | 6.53 (3.12–13.66) | <0.001 |
| Father only | 3.85 (2.63–5.63) | <0.001 | 2.41 (1.55–3.75) | <0.001 |
| Mother only | 18.71 (9.66–36.27) | <0.001 | 10.13 (4.37–23.47) | <0.001 |
| Taught at school about the dangers of smoking | ||||
| Yes (Ref.) | 1 | 1 | ||
| No or not sure | 1.89 (1.40–2.56) | <0.001 | 1.94 (1.28–2.94) | 0.002 |
| Discussed at school the reasons why young people smoke | ||||
| Yes (Ref.) | 1 | NA | ||
| No or not sure | 1.34 (0.96–1.87) | 0.084 | ||
| Taught at school about smoking effects | ||||
| Yes (Ref.) | 1 | NA | ||
| No or not sure | 1.29 (0.95–1.76) | 0.105 | ||
| Last discussion at school about smoking and health | ||||
| Never (Ref.) | 1 | 1 | ||
| This term | 1.79 (1.18–2.72) | 0.006 | 2.89 (1.64–5.10) | <0.001 |
| Two terms ago | 2.19 (1.34–3.58) | 0.002 | 3.85 (2.00–7.39) | <0.001 |
| Three terms ago | 3.43 (1.92–6.13) | <0.001 | 7.09 (3.27–15.40) | <0.001 |
| More than a year ago | 2.52 (1.62–3.92) | <0.001 | 3.64 (1.97–6.74) | <0.001 |
NA: variables excluded from the multivariable analysis due to lack of statistical significance in univariate analysis: grade, discussed at school the reasons why young people smoke, and taught at school about smoking effects. AOR: adjusted odds ratio; adjusted for age group, gender, closest friends’ smoke cigarettes, parents smoke, taught at school about the dangers of smoking and last discussion at school about smoking and health.