Taxonomic information	Current valid scientific name: Tomato ringspot virus Synonyms: ToRSV, Tomato ringspot, Tomato ringspot nepovirus. Name used in the EU legislation: Tomato ringspot virus [ToRSV] Category: Virus Order: Picornavirales Family: Secoviridae Common name: ringspot of tomato, union necrosis of apple, chlorosis mosaic of raspberry, chlorosis of pelargonium, stem pitting of prunus, yellow vein of grapevine. Name used in the Dossier: Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV)
Group	Virus and Viroids
EPPO code	ToRSV0
Regulated status	ToRSV is listed as EU Quarantine pest (Annex II, Part A of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072); Pests not known to occur in the EU Union territory (2019). Quarantine pest: Morocco (2018), Tunisia (2012), Canada (2019), Mexico (2018), Israel (2009), Moldova (2017), Norway (2012). A1 list: Egypt (2018), Argentina (2019), Brazil (2018), Paraguay (1995), Uruguay (1995), Bahrain (2003), China (1993), Kazakhstan (2017), Georgia (2018), Ukraine (2019), APPPC (1993). A2 list: Jordan (2013), Russia (2014), Turkey (2016), EAEU (2016), EPPO (1975)
Pest status in Turkey	Present, restricted distribution (EPPO, 2010) or few occurrences (CABI, 2015). According to the additional information provided by Turkey, ToRSV has been reported on cultivated plants in four (Hakkari, Mugla, Hatay and west Anatolia) regions.
Pest status in the EU	Present, no details (France, Lithuania, Poland). Few occurrences (Croatia). Transient under eradication (Germany and Netherlands) (EPPO, Online).
Host status on Malus domestica	Malus domestica is reported as a host for ToRSV in the EPPO Global Database (EPPO, Online).
PRA information	Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of non‐EU viruses and viroids of Cydonia Mill., Malus Mill. and Pyrus L. (EFSA PLH Panel, 2019). Rapid Pest Risk Analysis for ToRSV in UK (EPPO, 2017).
Other relevant information for the assessment
Biology	ToRSV is a bipartite positive‐sense RNA virus with isometric particles in Secoviridae family, Nepovirus genus (Sanfaçon et al., 2006). ToRSV has a wide range of hosts, infecting primarily perennial plants such as tomato, tobacco, cucumber, pepper, peach, apple, grape, cherry, strawberry, raspberry, plum, geranium, walnut, and ornamental plants (Stace‐Smith, 1984). Experimentally, its host diversity is also very high and about 35 families are susceptible to this virus (Zindovic et al., 2014). The most common symptom of ToRSV infection is the presence of annular spots on the leaves. ToRSV is transmitted in several ways, such as sap inoculation (under experimental conditions), seeds, vegetative propagation, pollen and different species of Xiphinema (Bitterlin et al., 1987; Pinkerton et al., 2008).
Symptoms	Main type of symptoms	ToRSV mostly does not cause striking symptoms, and symptom expression varies according to the plant species, virus isolate, the age of the plant at the time of infection and environmental conditions. In general, infected plants show typical symptoms as a shock reaction. Plants can be seen as pale yellow and showing pale green spots on the leaves that develop along the major side veins, causing systemic chlorotic or necrotic ring stains, as well as deformation of the fruit growth. Chronically infected plants usually exhibit no obvious symptoms but show a general decline in productivity (Stace‐smith, 1984; Gonsalves, 1988; EPPO, 2013). Major diseases caused by ToRSV on fruit crops include vein yellowing in grapevines, and yellow bud mosaic in peach and almond which cause pale‐ green to pale‐yellow blotches to develop along the main vein or large lateral veins of leaves (EPPO, 2005). In apple plants, ToRSV causes a delay in foliation, the leaves are small and sparse, showing a vein yellowing and pale green colour. Terminal shoot growth is reduced and the stem internodes are short. And commonly, there is a partial or complete separation of the graft union on severely affected trees (EPPO, 2013).
	Presence of asymptomatic plants	In certain cases, ToRSV disease could be asymptomatic.
	Confusion with other pathogens/pests	Note that geographical distribution, natural host range and vector relations of ToRSV are closely parallel to Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) (EPPO/CABI, 1996).
Host plant range	In nature, ToRSV occurs mostly in vegetable and perennial crops, including ornamental and woody plants, such as Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (tomato), Cucumis sativus (cucumber), Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), Solanum tuberosum (potato), Vitis vinifera (grapevine), Vaccinium corymbosum (blueberry), Fragaria vesca (strawberry), Pelargonium domesticum (geranium), raspberry (Rubus idaeus), Rubus fruticosus, Rubus sp. (blackberry), Malus sp. (apple), Hosta sp., Aquilegia vulgaris, Delphinium sp., Fragaria ananassa, Fraxina americana, Gladiolus sp., Heleborus foetidus, Hydrangea macrophylla, Iris sp., Punica granatum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Prunus persica, Prunus sp., Rosa sp., Trifolium sp., Vigna unguiculate, Viola cornuta (Samuitienė and Navalinskienė, 2001; Sanfaçon et al., 2006; EPPO, 2013). Additionally, other uncultivated hosts, such as Taraxacum officinale, Rumex acetosella, Stellaria spp., among other 21 species can be infected by ToRSV (Mountain et al., 1983; Powell et al., 1984).
Reported evidence of impact	Not relevant, ToRSV is listed as EU Quarantine pest (Annex II, Part A of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072).
Pathways and evidence that the commodity is a pathway	Plants for planting of Malus, Pelargonium, Prunus and Rubus are potential host commodities for ToRSV (EPPO, online). Thus, plants for planting coming from a country where ToRSV occurs can be the main pathway of entry (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013).
Surveillance information	According to the EPPO and CABI, ToRSV has a restricted presence in Turkey, with few occurrences, based on information dated on 2010 and 2015 (EPPO/CABI, online). This is in accordance with the information provided by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) of Turkey in the requested additional information (Dossier section 3), where ToRSV has been reported on different cultivated plants in four Turkish regions. In particular, ToRSV was detected on tomato, pepper, cucumber and grapevine symptomatic samples in Hakkari province in 2014 and 2015 (Akdura and Şevik, 2021), also on tomato, pepper and cucumber in Muğla (Fidan, 1995), including strawberry in Aegean region (Yeşilçöllü et al., 2011; Yorganci and Sekin, 1984), on blackberry in Hatay (Sertkaya, 2010), and on almond nursery trees in west Anatolia (Azeri and Çiçek, 1997). To date, ToRSV has not been detected on apple in Turkey. ToRSV is included in Annex‐1/B list of the Regulation on Plant Quarantine, there is official sampling strategy for the detection of ToRSV, which information is provided in ‘Regulation on Plant Quarantine’ and ‘Plant Quarantine Sampling Instruction by Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry General Directorate of Food and Control’ (Anonymous, 2014; Anonymous, 2019). The inspection and monitoring are performed according to the information provided in ‘Instruction for Phytosanitary Standards in Production Materials of Fruit and Grapevine (Anonymous, 2006). From the information provided by the MAF of Turkey in the requested additional information (Dossier section 3) and also provided in the apple technical report, for the identification of ToRSV in the seedlings to be exported, among 5 and 25 seedlings are randomly taken from the plantation in the nursery and sealed by the inspector, and then, sent to the laboratory for analysis (Anonymous, 2014). The seedlings in the production area are examined macroscopically aspect pests. In case of suspected the virus detection, samples are taken again for analysis. It is sent to the laboratory for diagnosis. When the seedlings are exported in a different province, they are transported to the export point by plant passport. At the control stage, the plant passport is given to the inspector. Once all processes have been completed, the EU have requested that ‘Consignment complies with Annex VII points 3 a, 3 b 4 a, 45, 46 a(i), 46 b Option of Annex VII of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. That no symptoms of diseases caused by non‐European viruses been observed on the plants at the place of production since the beginning of the last complete cycle of vegetation. The plants have been: (a) Officially certified under a certification scheme requiring them to be derived in direct line from material which has been maintained under appropriate conditions and subjected to official testing for at least Tomato ringspot virus using appropriate indicators or equivalent methods and has been found free, in these tests, from those pests. (b) No symptoms of diseases caused by Tomato ringspot virus have been observed on plants at the place of production, or on susceptible plants in its immediate vicinity, since the beginning of the last complete cycle of vegetation (Anonymous, 2019).