No.	Risk mitigation measure	Implementation in Turkey	Effect on pest	Evaluation and uncertainties
1	Certified material	The Ministrial experts and inspectors carry out the phytosanitary control on mother plants in spring, summer and autumn for harmful organisms, and the amount of propagation materials (buds, budwoods, rootstocks, scions, etc.) that can be obtained from mother plants is determined. For the saplings, the phytosanitary control is also carried out at the same time, regarding harmful organisms specified in quarantine and plant passports, and certification regulations. Certified seed or certified seedling is grafted with certified budwood in a certified nursery. If free from the harmful organisms, the Ministry issues certificates and labels for the propagation material to be taken from plants in the mother blocks.	Yes	Practices for inspections and detections are applied according to the Turkish regulations and guidelines. Uncertainties: There is a lack of details for the certification process, such as survey protocols and laboratory methodologies for virus detection.
2	Phytosanitary certificates and plant passport	Export nurseries must obtain special certification from Turkish Authorities before they begin producing plants for planting. Nurseries must notify technical staff members responsible for production to obtain this certificate, which is then used for registration in the plant passport system. The phytosanitary inspections are done macroscopically. However, if there are signs of disease in the plants or in the immediate vicinity, the inspections are carried out by laboratory analysis. During the production period, official inspection is carried out. After the official approval that the sapling is free from the quarantine factor and true to type, its certificate‐passport label is issued by the Ministry. The Phytosanitary Certificates/Re‐Export Phytosanitary Certificates are issued in exportation of plants and plant products with respect to plant health. In issuing such certificates, the phytosanitary requirements of the importer country are taken into account, in compliance with the ISPM No: 7 and ISPM No: 12 rules.	Yes	The certificates relate to the compliance of material specified by the Turkish Authorities. Uncertainties: Specific figures on the intensity of survey (sampling effort) are not provided. There is a lack of details for the certification process, in addition to the surveillance and monitoring during production cycle.
3	Cleaning and disinfection of facilities, tools and machinery	Tools are disinfested with chemical compounds containing 10% chlorine prior to using in sapling and mother plants	No
4	Rouging and pruning	Applied in case of infections/infestations.	Yes	Identifying and removing suspicious plants could be effective to prevent viral infections. Uncertainties: The presence of latent infections
5	Biological and mechanical control	‘Nogall’ is applied to protect against crown gall. Weeds are controlled mechanically in the nurseries and in the surrounding areas.	Yes	Weeds control has benefit to prevent and reduce the source of viral inoculum.
6	Pesticide application	The saplings are sprayed against aphids, thrips, whiteflies, red spider mites, black spot, powdery mildew, root rot diseases and, depending on the situation, to fight or protect against weeds. Before loading the plants on the trucks for transport, the roots of seedlings are sprayed with fungicide (Thiram).	No
7	Surveillance and monitoring	Both processes are conducted according to Turkish phytosanitary regulations. Necessary precautions are taken to ensure that there are no plants other than certified saplings in the production plot and application areas. Plants within and around the production areas are annually inspected to check the presence of quarantine organisms. Visual inspection at least once or twice a year during production or during uprooting of the plants. Visual inspection can be supported by the use of microscope or laboratory analysis if pests are suspected to be present. In the event that these plants are infected/infested with harmful organisms subject to quarantine, these plants are destroyed.	Yes	Visual inspections may be effective to prevent viral infections. Uncertainties: It is unclear the effectivity of visual inspections to detect early infections, including the presence of latent infections.
8	Sampling and laboratory testing	For the identification of viruses, bacteria, fungi and nematodes in the plants to be exported, min. 5 to max. 25 seedlings are randomly taken from the plantation in the nursery garden and sealed by the inspector and sent to the laboratory for analysis. Soil samples are taken for laboratory analysis in terms of quarantine organisms, particularly to check if it is free from nematodes. If it is found that the growing medium is free from nematodes, the production of saplings is started.	Yes	Laboratory analysis is convenient, and there is a monitoring of seedlings (5 to 25) randomly selected. Uncertainties: There is a lack of details for the analysis methodology and it is uncertain to what extent the inspection of this number of plants is effective to detect infected plants.
9	Root washing	Roots are washed to remove the soil.	No
10	Refrigeration	The temperature of the storage tanks is between 2°C and 4°C and the humidity is 85–95%. Transportation is made with refrigerated trucks with the same conditions.	Yes	Not relevant, but low temperatures may ameliorate the multiplication of the virus, but will not eliminate it.
11	Pre‐consignment inspection	Prior to export, planting material for which a Phytosanitary Certificate is to be issued shall be subjected to phytosanitary inspection. Only certified plants for planting may be exported. Phytosanitary inspectors are responsible for export controls, sampling and issuing certificates.	Yes	The inspection and provision of certified material are appropriated. Uncertainties: There is a lack of details for the phytosanitary inspections at this stage.