Table 5.
How the Location of Maximum AA Compares Among Sports a
| Author | Sport | No. | Sex, % | Definition of Cam Deformity | Location of Maximum AA | Greatest Mean AA, deg | Maximum AA, deg | Imaging modality used |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aminoff (2020) 3 | Skiing (Alpine and mogul) | 61 young elite skiers, 26 nonathletes | Skiers: 52M, 48F; nonathletes: 35M, 65F | AA ≥55° | 1 o’clock | MRI of bilateral hips without contrast | ||
| Carsen (2014) 9 | NA but daily activity level was higher in patients with cam morphology, P = .02 | 44 | 61M, 39F | AA ≥50.5° at the 3-o’clock position | Anterosuperior (1:30 o’clock) | 50.05 | 64.6 | MRI of bilateral hips without contrast |
| Degen (2016) 15 | Baseball | 70 | 100M | AA >50° b | Radiographs (supine AP and 90° Dunn lateral) and CT scans | |||
| Duthon (2013) 18 | Ballet | 20 professional ballet dancers, 14 active controls | 100F | AA >55° | Anterosuperior | 47.4 | 76 | Pelvic 1.5-T MRI in the back-lying position. Additional MRI taken in the split position for the dancers |
| Kolo (2013) 32 | Dance | 30 professional dancers, 14 nondancers | 100F | AA >55° | Anterosuperior | 46.7 | Pelvic 1.5-T MRI in the supine position. For the dancers, additional MRI taken in the splits position | |
| Palmer (2018) 45 | Soccer, basketball, ice hockey | 210 | 74M, 26F | AA >60° | 1 o’clock | 65.2 | 70.8 | MRI of bilateral hips. Two morphological sequences were obtained: 3-dimensional water selective fluid and 3-dimensional proton density fat saturation |
| Ross (2015) 51 | Ice hockey | 44 butterfly goalies vs 26 positional players | 100M | Undefined | 1 vs 1:45 o’clock on CT, P < .0001 | 80.9 vs 68.6 on CT, P < .0001 | 103 vs 94 | Preoperative AP and modified Dunn lateral radiographs and CT of the affected hips |
| Siebenrock (2013) (1) 52 | Basketball | 37 athletes, 38 controls | 100M | AA >55° | 1 o’clock in closed physes | 60.8 | MRI of bilateral hips | |
| Siebenrock (2013) (2) 54 | Ice hockey | 77 | 100M | AA >55° | 1 o’clock | 54.1: open (49.1) vs closed physis (58.2) | 87 | 3.0-T MRI of bilateral hips without contrast |
| Siebenrock (2011) 53 | Basketball | 37 athletes, 38 controls | 100M | AA >55° | 1 o’clock | 64.3 | MRI of bilateral hips without contrast | |
| Sveen (2019) 56 | Skiing (cross-country) | 20 elite skiers, 10 controls | 100M | AA >55° | Anterosuperior | 58.7 | Pelvic 1.5-T MRI of bilateral hips without contrast |
a
AA, alpha angle; AP, anterior-posterior; CT, computed tomography; F, female; M, male; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NA, not applicable.
b
Location of majority of cam lesions: anterosuperolateral, 98%.