Table 6.
How Morphology and Radiographic Angles Vary Among Positions Within Sports a
| Definition | Mean, deg | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author: Sport | No. | Sex, % | Cam Deformity | Pincer Morphology | Imaging Modality Used | Prevalence of Cam, % | AA | LCEA | Statistically Significant (P < .05) |
| Degen (2016) 15 : baseball | 70 | 100M | AA >50° | LCEA >40° | Postop radiographs | 68.9 (preop), 38.7 (postop) | 29.3 (preop), 28.4 (postop) | No: playing position (infield, outfield, infield/outfield, pitcher, catcher) vs impingement pattern (cam, pincer, or subspine), P≥ .459; side of affected hip vs position, P = .516 | |
| Larson (2017) 35 : ice hockey (positional and goalkeepers) | 59 | Assumed 100M | AA >50° (Dunn lateral) | Undefined | AP pelvis and bilateral Dunn lateral radiographs | 52.2 (AP); 61.0 (Dunn lateral) | 28.3: higher in positional players, lower in goalies | Mean LCEA lower in goalies than positional players, but the data set was underpowered and results not statistically significant | |
| Larson (2013) 36 : American football | 125 | 100M | AA >55° | LCEA >39° or positive crossover sign with the posterior acetabular wall lateral or medial to the center of the femoral head | AP bilateral pelvic and frog-lateral plain radiographs | 75, players (65, hips). FAI: quarterback (100), running back (100), wide receiver (100), lineman (83.3), safety/cornerback (84), linebacker (93.3), backfield (87.5), kicker (100), tight end (100) | 62 (AP); 62 (lateral) | No: radiographic FAI vs player position, P = .166 | |
| Lerebours (2016) 38 : ice hockey | 130 | Assumed 100M | AA ≥55° on a frog-leg lateral view | Crossover sign | Bilateral AP pelvis and frog-leg lateral radiographs | No, P = .076 | |||
| Positional | 54.6 (centers) | R: 58.9; L:60.1 (centers) | Higher | ||||||
| Goalkeepers | 93.8 | R: 66.4; L: 65.8 | Lowest (R: 27.6; L: 26.4) | ||||||
| Menge (2017) 40 : soccer | 51 | Assumed 100M | Undefined | Undefined | AP pelvis, false profile, and Dunn view at 45° of the affected hip; MRI without contrast | Yes b | |||
| Nepple (2012) 44 : American football (linemen, tight ends, and linebackers vs other positions) | 107 | Assumed 100M | Abnormal AA | Acetabular retroversion | AP and frog-leg lateral radiographs | 76, c 56 d | No: P = .086 for cam; P = .08 for global overcoverage | ||
| Polat (2019) 48 : soccer | 214 | 100M | AA >55°, decreased anterior femoral offset (<10 mm) and pistol grip deformity | Center-edge angle >39°, decreased Tönnis angle <0° on AP views and crossover signs | AP and frog-leg lateral radiographs | 26.2 | 50.7 (right hips), 50.3 (left hips) | 28.6 (right hips), 29.5 (left hips) | No for prevalence of cam among 28 goalkeepers, 30 defenders, 21 strikers, 49 midfielders, 56 right wingers, and 30 left wingers |
| Ross (2015) 51 : ice hockey | Assumed 100M | Increased AA | Crossover sign or LCEA >40° | AP and modified Dunn lateral radiographs and CT of the affected hips | |||||
| Goalkeepers | 44 | 91 | 54 (AP); 60.4 (lateral) | 27.3 | Yes for LCEA (P = .03), AP AA (P = .02) but no for lateral AA (P = .2) e | ||||
| Positional (controls) | 26 | 61.3 (AP); 63.4 (lateral) | 29.6 | ||||||
a
AA, alpha angle; AP, anterior-posterior; CT, computed tomography; FAI, femoroacetabular impingement; L, left; LCEA, lateral center-edge angle; M, male; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; postop, postoperative; preop, preoperative; R, right.
b
Linemen were less likely to return after hip arthroscopy vs other players (odds ratio, 5.6; 95% CI, 1.1-35; P = .04).
c
Global overcoverage (linemen, tight ends, linebackers): 30.2%.
d
Global overcoverage (other positions): 16.2%.
e
No significant difference between goalies and positional players for mean femoral version and femoral neck-shaft angle (P = .43 and P = .66, respectively).