Table 9.
Comparing Pincer, Mixed, and Cam Morphology in a Variety of Sports a
| Definition of Deformity | Prevalence of Morphology, % | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author | Sport | Pincer | Cam | Pincer | Mixed | Cam |
| Boykin (2013) 5 | Rowing | LCEA >40°, a crossover sign, or coxa profunda / protrusio | AA >50° | 0 | 24 | 48 |
| Brunner (2016) 6 | Ice hockey | Acetabular depth ≤3 mm (coxa profunda) and/or a negative angle of the cranial portion of the acetabulum (acetabular retroversion) | Large decrease of the anterior head-neck offset | 23 | 18 | 27 |
| Carton (2019) 10 | Gaelic football and hurling | Crossover sign on AP pelvis, a clear bony prominence, or rim fracture on the acetabular rim on the false profile view | AA >55° (Dunn view) or AA >65° (AP view) | 100 | 72 | |
| Casartelli (2018) 11 | Ice hockey | Acetabular retroversion and/or depth ≤3 mm | AA >60° | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| Degen (2016) 15 | Baseball | LCEA >40° | AA >50° | 58 | 98 | |
| Dickenson (2016) 17 | Golf | Negative measure of acetabular depth | AA >55° | 0 | 16 | |
| Fukushima (2016) 21 | Baseball | LCEA ≥40°, acetabular roof obliquity ≤0°, crossover sign, posterior wall sign, and coxa profunda | Pistol grip deformity | 40, Asians; 31, non-Asians | 29, Asian; 38, non-Asian | 14, Asians; 10, non-Asians |
| Gerhardt (2012) 23 | Soccer | Coxa profunda, protrusio acetabuli, reduced extrusion index, and an acetabular index <0 | AA >55°, excessive bone formation at the femoral head-neck junction, loss of normal femoral head sphericity, or flattening of the femoral head-neck offset on frog-leg lateral hip radiographs | 27, male; 10, female | 68, male; 50, female | |
| Harris (2016) 25 | Ballet | Crossover sign, posterior wall sign, ischial spine sign, LCEA >40°, coxa profunda, protrusio acetabuli | Undefined | 74 | 32 | |
| Kang (2009) 28 | Variety | Undefined | Undefined | 12 | 5 | 56 |
| Kapron (2012) 29 | Soccer | 7, LCEA >40°; 16, acetabular index <0° | 55 | |||
| Kapron (2015) 30 | Soccer, skiing, volleyball, track and field | LCEA >40° with or without acetabular index <0° | AA >50° and/or femoral head-neck offset <8 mm | 1 | 14 | |
| Knapik (2018) 31 | American football | Undefined | AA >55° | 0 | 73 | |
| Kolo (2013) 32 | Ballet | Undefined | AA >55° | 29, acetabular cartilages lesions >5 mm; 53, herniation pits | 3 | |
| Lahner (2014) 33 | Track and field | LCEA >40° | AA >55° | 9, controls | 5, controls | 50 |
| Larson (2013) 36 | American football | Positive crossover sign with the posterior acetabular wall at or lateral/medial to the center of the femoral head | AA >55° | 78 | 63 | 75 |
| Lee (2016) 37 | Baseball, soccer, taekwondo, weightlifting | Crossover of the anterior wall of acetabulum over the posterior wall (focal crossover sign, figure-of-8 sign), coxa profunda, or acetabular protrusio | AA >50° | 28 | 17 | 55 |
| Mariconda (2014) 39 | Capoeira | Crossover sign, acetabular index ≤0°, and/or LCEA ≥39° | AA >50° and/or femoral head-neck offset <8 mm | 38 | 33 | 92 |
| Menge (2017) 40 | Soccer | Undefined | Undefined | 90 | ||
| Monckeberg (2017) 41 | Soccer | Crossover sign or LCEA >40° | AA >55° or decreased anterior femoral offset <8 mm | 42, asymptomatic skeletally immature; 51, mature | 47, asymptomatic skeletally immature athletes; 49, mature | |
| Nepple (2012) 44 | American football | Acetabular retroversion | Abnormal AA | 85 | 62 | 72 |
| Polat (2019) 48 | Soccer | CEA >39°, decreased Tönnis angles <0° on AP views and crossover signs | AA >55°, decreased anterior femoral offset <10 mm, and pistol grip deformity | 2 | 2 | 26 |
| Ross (2015) 51 | Ice hockey | Crossover sign or LCEA >40° | Increased AA | 6 | 90 | |
| Yépez (2017) 60 | Soccer | CEA ≥35° or acetabular index ≤0° | AA ≥55° or head–neck offset <7 mm | 11 | 78 | |
a
The highest percentage values were recorded irrespective of the view used. AA, alpha angle; AP, anterior-posterior; CEA, center-edge angle; LCEA, lateral center-edge angle.