Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of subjects with T2DM grouped by the occurrence of renal composite events or not.
| All (312) | Renal composite events | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 66) | No (n = 246) | |||
| Age | 61.2 ± 13.0 | 65.3 ± 11.1 | 60.0 ± 13.2 | 0.003 |
| Male sex (%) | 213 (68) | 38 (57) | 175 (71) | 0.03 |
| Smoking (%) | 94 (30) | 16 (24) | 78 (31) | 0.40 |
| Coronary artery disease (%) | 60 (19) | 18 (27) | 42 (17) | 0.07 |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 267 (85) | 55 (83) | 212 (86) | 0.55 |
| Hypertension (%) | 188 (60) | 48 (72) | 140 (57) | 0.02 |
| Retinopathy (%) | 30 (9) | 14 (21) | 16 (6) | 0.001 |
| Neuropathy (%) | 32 (10) | 11 (16) | 21 (8) | 0.06 |
| Albuminuria (%) | 103 (33) | 35 (53) | 68 (27) | <0.001 |
| CKD stage 3 (%) | 64 (20) | 24 (36) | 40 (16) | 0.001 |
| CKD stage 3 with albuminuria (%) | 36 (11) | 17 (25) | 19 (7) | <0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 11.2 ± 7.7 | 14.2 ± 9.4 | 10.4 ± 6.9 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index | 26.2 ± 4.5 | 25.8 ± 4.3 | 26.3 ± 4.5 | 0.44 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.93 ± 0.06 | 0.93 ± 0.07 | 0.93 ± 0.06 | 0.60 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 132 ± 15 | 134 ± 15 | 132 ± 15 | 0.31 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78 ± 11 | 78 ± 11 | 78 ± 11 | 0.93 |
| Mean blood pressure (mmHg) | 114 ± 12 | 116 ± 12 | 114 ± 13 | 0.43 |
| Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (mg/g Cr) | 111.4 ± 321.2 | 266.9 ± 540.4 | 70.3 ± 214.7 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.0 ± 0.8 | 7.1 ± 0.8 | 7.0 ± 0.8 | 0.44 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 168 ± 27 | 167 ± 24 | 168 ± 27 | 0.75 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.95 ± 0.26 | 1.02 ± 0.34 | 0.93 ± 0.24 | 0.02 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 78 ± 19 | 69 ± 19 | 80 ± 19 | <0.001 |
| FGF-21 (pg/dl) | 2.17 ± 2.07 | 3.32 ± 2.81 | 1.87 ± 1.72 | <0.001 |
| Metformin (%) | 239 (76) | 48 (72) | 191 (77) | 0.41 |
| Sulfonylurea (%) | 121 (38) | 27 (41) | 94 (38) | 0.77 |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (%) | 54 (17) | 15 (22) | 39 (16) | 0.20 |
| SGLT2 inhibitor (%) | 3 (0.9) | 1 (1) | 2 (0.8) | 0.51 |
| Insulin (%) | 55 (17) | 14 (21) | 41 (16) | 0.37 |
| Renin-angiotensin system blockade (%) | 154 (49) | 45 (68) | 109 (44) | 0.001 |
| Diuretics (%) | 39 (12) | 15 (22) | 24 (9) | 0.01 |
| eGFR decline > 30% (%) | 22 (33) | |||
| Worsening albuminuria (%) | 44 (66) | |||
| Normo- to microalbuminuria (%) | 21 (32) | |||
| Micro- to macroalbuminuria (%) | 22 (33) | |||
| Normo- to macroalbuminuria (%) | 1 (2) | |||
Data are expressed as numbers and percentage in non-continuous variables and mean ± SD in continuous variables,
p < 0.05 was defined as significant difference among two groups.
CKD, chronic kidney disease; FGF-21, fibroblast growth factor 21; SGLT2, sodium glucose cotransporter type 2; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1C; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.