Table 3.
Baseline characteristics and renal outcomes of subjects with T2DM grouped by FGF-21.
| All (312) | FGF-21 | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1.40 pg/dl (n = 143) | ≥1.40 pg/dl (n = 169) | |||
| Age | 61.2 ± 13.0 | 59.7 ± 12.8 | 62.4 ± 13.0 | 0.07 |
| Male gender (%) | 213 (68) | 106 (74) | 107 (63) | 0.05 |
| Smoking (%) | 94 (30) | 49 (34) | 45 (26) | 0.27 |
| Coronary artery disease (%) | 60 (19) | 24 (16) | 36 (21) | 0.38 |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 267 (85) | 124 (86) | 143 (84) | 0.63 |
| Hypertension (%) | 188 (60) | 80 (56) | 108 (64) | 0.002 |
| Retinopathy (%) | 30 (9) | 9 (6) | 21 (12) | 0.08 |
| Neuropathy (%) | 32 (10) | 14 (10) | 18 (10) | 0.85 |
| Albuminuria (%) | 103 (33) | 38 (26) | 65 (38) | 0.02 |
| CKD stage 3 (%) | 64 (20) | 14 (10) | 50 (29) | <0.001 |
| CKD stage 3 with albuminuria (%) | 36 (11) | 8 (5) | 28 (16) | 0.002 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 11.2 ± 7.7 | 10.3 ± 7.7 | 11.9 ± 7.5 | 0.07 |
| Body mass index | 26.2 ± 4.5 | 26.2 ± 4.5 | 26.1 ± 4.5 | 0.86 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.93 ± 0.06 | 0.93 ± 0.07 | 0.93 ± 0.06 | 0.93 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 132 ± 15 | 131 ± 14 | 133 ± 16 | 0.23 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78 ± 11 | 78 ± 9 | 79 ± 12 | 0.31 |
| Mean blood pressure (mmHg) | 114 ± 12 | 113 ± 11 | 115 ± 13 | 0.21 |
| Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (mg/g Cr) | 111.4 ± 321.2 | 77.2 ± 217.6 | 141.2 ± 387.9 | 0.08 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.0 ± 0.8 | 7.0 ± 0.8 | 7.0 ± 0.8 | 0.94 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 168 ± 27 | 163 ± 26 | 172 ± 28 | 0.008 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.95 ± 0.26 | 0.90 ± 0.20 | 1.00 ± 0.30 | 0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 78 ± 19 | 83 ± 16 | 74 ± 20 | <0.001 |
| FGF-21 (pg/dl) | 2.85 ± 5.04 | 0.71 ± 0.39 | 4.66 ± 6.30 | NA |
| Metformin (%) | 239 (76) | 114 (79) | 125 (74) | 0.28 |
| Sulfonylurea (%) | 121 (38) | 50 (35) | 71 (42) | 0.24 |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (%) | 54 (17) | 20 (14) | 34 (20) | 0.17 |
| SGLT2 inhibitor (%) | 3 (0.9) | 2 (1) | 1 (0.5) | 0.59 |
| Insulin (%) | 55 (17) | 24 (16) | 31 (18) | 0.76 |
| Renin–angiotensin system blockade (%) | 154 (49) | 59 (41) | 95 (56) | 0.009 |
| Diuretics (%) | 39 (12) | 9 (6) | 30 (17) | 0.003 |
| Renal composite events (%) | 66 (21) | 15 (10) | 51 (30) | <0.001 |
| eGFR decline > 30% (%) | 22 (33) | 6 (4) | 16 (9) | 0.07 |
| Worsening albuminuria (%) | 44 (66) | 9 (6) | 35 (21) | <0.001 |
| Normo- to microalbuminuria (%) | 21 (32) | 6 (4) | 15 (9) | 0.11 |
| Micro- to macroalbuminuria (%) | 22 (33) | 3 (2) | 19 (11) | 0.002 |
| Normo- to macroalbuminuria (%) | 1 (2) | 0 | 1 (0.5) | NA |
Data are expressed as numbers and percentage in non-continuous variables and mean ± SD in continuous variables,
p < 0.05 was defined as significant difference among two groups.
CKD, chronic kidney disease; FGF-21, fibroblast growth factor 21; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NA, not applicable.